Importance of Soil Properties and Processes on Bioavailability of Organic Compounds
Soil properties and processes play an important role in determining the availability of organic contaminants to environmental receptors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of sorption processes, review soil properties that are key for understanding s
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 General Considerations 2.1 Types of Sorbates 2.2 Sorption Fundamentals 3 Properties of Soil Particles Important for Bioavailability 3.1 Solid and Dissolved Organic Matter 3.2 Pyrogenic Carbonaceous Materials 3.3 Mineral Phases 3.4 Anthropogenic Substances 3.5 Other Soil Features Affecting Bioavailability 4 Sorption and Bioavailability: Thermodynamic Controls 4.1 Chemical Speciation 4.2 Partition Models and Structure-Activity Relationships 4.3 Competitive Effects 5 Sorption and Bioavailability: Non-equilibrium 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 High Desorption Resistance and Its Effects on Bioavailability 5.3 Receptor-Facilitated Bioavailability 6 Conclusions and Future Directions References
Abstract Soil properties and processes play an important role in determining the availability of organic contaminants to environmental receptors. In this chapter, we provide an overview of sorption processes, review soil properties that are key for understanding sorption, and examine the relationship between sorption and bioavailability to microorganisms, animals, and plants. Traditionally, contaminant-soil systems are assumed to be controlled by equilibrium-driven processes. We review these aspects but also include information about non-equilibrium soil processes such as
J. J. Pignatello (*) and S. L. Nason Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA e-mail: [email protected] Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_510, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J. J. Pignatello and S. L. Nason
high desorption resistance and receptor-facilitated bioavailability. Understanding the full breadth of soil processes that impact bioavailability is necessary for making accurate toxicological predictions and risk assessments. We conclude the chapter by recommending areas for future research that will help improve our understanding of these complex systems. Keywords Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, Organic contaminants, Soil, Sorption
1 Introduction Bioavailability is a critical factor governing the hazards of chemicals associated with particles to which they are attached. The focus of this chapter is on the processes and geochemical conditions in soil systems that influence the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of organic compounds to receptors of concern that contact contaminated soil. The term soil or soil system will be used to refer inclusively to terrestrial soil and aquatic sediment, usually accompanied by its entrained pore fluids (water and air). Relevant receptors include soil-dwelling biota such as microorganisms, plants, and earthworms as well as soil visitors who frequently contact soil via their diet or activities. By convention, the bioavailable fraction is defined as the percent of total contaminant initially present in a parcel of soil that crosses the critical biological membrane (CBM) of the receptor under the exposure
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