Assessment of the Oral Bioavailability of Organic Contaminants in Humans
Bioavailability estimates the actual internal uptake or absorption of contaminants that enter the body (internal dose) and helps in providing a more accurate estimation of the human risks than the usage of total concentration. This is important for exposu
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Concepts of In Vivo Bioavailability 2.1 Concepts of Absolute Bioavailability and Relative Bioavailability 2.2 Bioavailability Process and Limitations 2.3 Rate Limiting Steps in the Gastrointestinal Bioavailability 2.4 Computational Modelling and Pharmacoinformatic Approaches to the Prediction of Oral Bioavailability 3 Measurement of Relative Bioavailability (In Vivo Studies) 3.1 Animal Model Selection 3.2 Body Weight 3.3 Exposure Period 3.4 Exposure Mode 3.5 Biomarkers 3.6 Exposure Dose 4 Sample Collection, Treatment and Analysis for Organic Contaminants 5 Validation of In Vitro Studies Using In Vivo Studies 5.1 Correlations Between In Vivo and In Vitro Methods (IVIVC) 6 Challenges and Expectations of Bioavailability Studies 6.1 Improvement of Available In Vitro Models and Statistical Prediction Models 6.2 Prediction of Soil Properties to Compound Bioavailability 6.3 Contaminant Forms and States of Speciation Relate to their Bioavailability 7 Conclusions References
M. A. A. Wijayawardena, Y. Liu, K. Yan, L. Duan, A. C. Umeh, and R. Naidu (*) Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] K. T. Semple Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo and John Robert Parsons (eds.), Bioavailability of Organic Chemicals in Soil and Sediment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_596, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. A. A. Wijayawardena et al.
Abstract Bioavailability estimates the actual internal uptake or absorption of contaminants that enter the body (internal dose) and helps in providing a more accurate estimation of the human risks than the usage of total concentration. This is important for exposure assessment for children in relation to their hand-to-mouth activities. For example significant reductions of the bioavailability of long-term contaminated soils have been demonstrated using various animal models. The measurement for bioavailability involves various uncertainties for organic contaminants. It is crucial to determine the parameters that influence the results of bioavailability. This chapter provides a summary of the current state of knowledge for the determination of bioavailability for a range of organic contaminants. The information provided will be useful in facilitating further research efforts for the investigation of bioavailability of contaminants in conducting exposure assessments. Keywords Bioaccumulation, Bioavailability, Diffusion, Dissolution, Electrophilic, Perfusion rate, Permeability rate
1 Introduction Human exposure to various environmental contaminants has been of worldwide concern for decades. Babies, children and pregnant women are a particular concern in exposure assessment as the ingestion of environmental contaminants may have de
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