Biochemical interaction of salt sensitivity: a key player for the development of essential hypertension
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Biochemical interaction of salt sensitivity: a key player for the development of essential hypertension Imran Kazmi1 · Waleed Hassan Al‑Maliki2 · Haider Ali3 · Fahad A. Al‑Abbasi1 Received: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 9 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Worldwide, more than 1 billion people have elevated blood pressure, with up to 45% of adults affected by the disease. In 2016 the global health study report on patients from 67 countries was released in Lancet, which identified hypertension as the world’s leading cause for death and disability-adjusted years since 1990. This paper aims to analyze the pathophysiological connection between hemodynamic inflammatory reactions through sodium balance, salt sensitivity, and potential pathophysiological reactions. Besides, we explore how sodium consumption enhances the expression of transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) mRNA and facilitates the release of calcium inside immune cell groups, together with elevated blood pressure in essential hypertensive patients. Keywords Reactive oxygen species · Transient receptor potential channel · Mononuclear cells · Essential hypertension · Angiotensin II · Sodium and calcium ions influx · Factor XII
Introduction Hypertension remains one of the most important issues for public safety. It is regarded as the world’s leading contributor to the disease burden. As per the World Health Organization (WHO, in 2015, 1.13 billion people have raised their BP (defined as the SBP of 140 mmHg or above, or the DBP of 90 mmHg or above) and this is a leading cause for worldwide premature death, with more than 1 out of 4 men and 1 out of 5 women-about 1 billion people—having the condition [1]. According to recent projections, the number of hypertension patients could grow by between 15 and 20% to about 1.5 billion by 2025 [2]. The high incidence of hypertension in both socio-economic and income groups is high, and the rate is increasing around 60% of the population above 60 years of age [3]. There are many pathways defined for hypertension progress, including increased * Imran Kazmi [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
3
Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, 720048 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
absorption of salt resulting in expansion of volume, compromised renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) response, and an enhanced sympathetic nervous system activation. Such improvements contribute to growing overall peripheral resistance and increased after-load, resulting in hypertension growth. Genetic, as well as environmental influences, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The Dahl saltsensitive (DSS) rat strongly imitates human salt-sensitive hypertension and is ideal for the study of the underlying organ damage with excess salt intake. Feeding of salt in humans
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