Bioconversion of pineapple pomace for xylooligosaccharide synthesis using surface display of xylanase on Escherichia col
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Bioconversion of pineapple pomace for xylooligosaccharide synthesis using surface display of xylanase on Escherichia coli Mei Yuin Joanne Wee 1 & Nur Izyan Wan Azelee 1 & Samson Pachelles 1 & Abdul Munir Abd. Murad 2 & Farah Diba Abu Bakar 2 & Rosli Md Illias 1 Received: 9 July 2020 / Revised: 9 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cell surface display of xylanase on Escherichia coli was used for the hydrolysis of hemicellulose from pineapple pomace. The feasibility of bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into xylooligosaccharides (XOS) was investigated. In this study, pineapple pomace was pretreated, and the hemicellulose fraction was obtained for reaction with the whole-cell biocatalyst. FESEM and FTIR analyses were used to observe morphological and compositional changes of pineapple pomace respectively after pretreatment. Factors affecting hydrolysis reaction were investigated and optimized using the Box-Behnken Design. The highest amount of reducing sugar was produced at pH 7.5, cell loading of 100 g/L wet cell weight, and temperature of 30 °C. The amount of reducing sugar produced was 2.129 mg/ml. HPLC analysis indicated that the XOS produced were xylobiose and xylotriose with a total yield of 5.4 mg/g of pineapple hemicellulose. FESEM analysis on the surface structure of pineapple pomace after the hydrolysis reaction showed clear signs of degradation by xylanase. Based on the results presented, it can be deduced that the application of cell surface display on E. coli for degradation of lignocellulosic biomass is possible and should be explored as it offers great potential for the production of XOS in industry. Keywords Pineapple waste . Cell surface display . Lignocellulosic biomass . Ice nucleation protein . Xylooligosaccharides (XOS)
1 Introduction Pineapple pomace is the byproduct of the food and beverage industry that produces pineapple-based products such as canned pineapple slices, juice, paste, jam, and snacks. All parts of the pineapple that cannot be processed into their desired product result in the pomace which consists of peels, pulps, stems, and cores. Fruit pomace is a valuable source of lignocellulosic biomass which is mainly used as animal feed or discarded [1]. According to statistics by the Malaysian Pineapple Industry Board, Malaysia is the 20th largest producer of pineapple with the state of Johor being the largest
* Rosli Md Illias [email protected] 1
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioprocess Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
producer in Malaysia (approximately 273,949 metric tonnes in 2016) [2]. Therefore, it also follows that a considerable amount of pineapple waste will be produced and disposed. With respect to the total raw materials, pineapple waste from
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