Valorization of apple pomace using bio-based technology for the production of xylitol and 2G ethanol
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RESEARCH PAPER
Valorization of apple pomace using bio‑based technology for the production of xylitol and 2G ethanol Lillian Vieira Leonel1 · Luciane Sene1 · Mário Antônio Alves da Cunha2 · Kátia Caroline França Dalanhol3 · Maria das Graças de Almeida Felipe3 Received: 20 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Apple pomace was studied as a raw material for the production of xylitol and 2G ethanol, since this agroindustrial residue has a high concentration of carbohydrate macromolecules, but is still poorly studied for the production of fermentation bioproducts, such as polyols. The dry biomass was subjected to dilute-acid hydrolysis with H 2SO4 to obtain the hemicellulosic hydrolysate, which was concentrated, detoxified and fermented. The hydrolyzate after characterization was submitted to submerged fermentations, which were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks using, separately, the yeasts Candida guilliermondii and Kluyveromyces marxianus. High cellulose (32.62%) and hemicellulose (23.60%) contents were found in this biomass, and the chemical hydrolysis yielded appreciable quantities of fermentable sugars, especially xylose. Both yeasts were able to metabolize xylose, but Candida guilliermondii produced only xylitol (9.35 g L−1 in 96 h), while K. marxianus produced ethanol as the main product (10.47 g L−1 in 24 h) and xylitol as byproduct (9.10 g L−1 xylitol in 96 h). Maximum activities of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase were verified after 24 h of fermentation with C. guilliermondii (0.23 and 0.53 U/mgprot, respectively) and with K. marxianus (0.08 e 0.08 U/mgprot, respectively). Apple pomace has shown potential as a raw material for the fermentation process, and the development of a biotechnological platform for the integrated use of both the hemicellulosic and cellulosic fraction could add value to this residue and the apple production chain. Keywords Apple pomace · Xylitol · Ethanol · Hemicellulosic hydrolysate · Candida guilliermondii · Kluyveromyces marxianus
Introduction * Maria das Graças de Almeida Felipe [email protected] Lillian Vieira Leonel [email protected] Luciane Sene [email protected] Mário Antônio Alves da Cunha [email protected] Kátia Caroline França Dalanhol [email protected] 1
Center of Exact and Technological Sciences, West Paraná State University, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
2
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
3
Lorena Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Estrada Municipal Do Campinho S/N, Lorena, São Paulo CEP 12602‑810, Brazil
Apple pomace is a by-product generated during the industrial processing of apple fruits for the juice, cider or wine production. This biomass is composed of bark, pulp, stalks and seeds, has high fiber content, low protein concentrations, and is rich in insoluble carbohydrates, such as cellulose and hemicellulose [1, 2]. Some alternatives for the use of apple pomace have been describe
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