Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair
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REVIEW
Open Access
Biodegradable materials for bone defect repair Shuai Wei1, Jian-Xiong Ma1, Lai Xu2, Xiao-Song Gu2* and Xin-Long Ma1*
Abstract Compared with non-degradable materials, biodegradable biomaterials play an increasingly important role in the repairing of severe bone defects, and have attracted extensive attention from researchers. In the treatment of bone defects, scaffolds made of biodegradable materials can provide a crawling bridge for new bone tissue in the gap and a platform for cells and growth factors to play a physiological role, which will eventually be degraded and absorbed in the body and be replaced by the new bone tissue. Traditional biodegradable materials include polymers, ceramics and metals, which have been used in bone defect repairing for many years. Although these materials have more or fewer shortcomings, they are still the cornerstone of our development of a new generation of degradable materials. With the rapid development of modern science and technology, in the twenty-first century, more and more kinds of new biodegradable materials emerge in endlessly, such as new intelligent micronano materials and cell-based products. At the same time, there are many new fabrication technologies of improving biodegradable materials, such as modular fabrication, 3D and 4D printing, interface reinforcement and nanotechnology. This review will introduce various kinds of biodegradable materials commonly used in bone defect repairing, especially the newly emerging materials and their fabrication technology in recent years, and look forward to the future research direction, hoping to provide researchers in the field with some inspiration and reference. Keywords: Biodegradable materials, Bone defects, Bone repair, Intelligent material, Modular fabrication
Background Bone is mainly composed of three components: cells, fibres, and matrix. The main component of the bone matrix is collagen, which provides tensile strength. The mineral component of bone is mainly calcium phosphate, which provides compressive strength (Fig. 1a) [1]. Its most notable feature is that the intercellular substance deposited contains a large quantity of calcium salts, which become a very hard tissue that forms the skeletal system of the body and provides support and * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Chongchuan District, Nantong 226001, China 1 Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin University, No. 406 Jiefang South Road, Tianjin 300211, China
protection for various organs [3]. There are many causes of bone defects/bone loss, such as trauma, orthopaedic surgery, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and primary tumour resection [4, 5]. There are several regenerable tissues/organs in the human body, including skin, liver, glands, blood, and especially bone. Generally, for minor injuries or small bone defects, the body’s bone t
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