Biodegradable, Renewable, and Eco-friendly Vegetable Oil: Lubricants
The environmental pollution, toxicity, and rising cost of conventional lubricants lead to renewed awareness in the improvement of environmentally friendly bio-lubricants. Due to the negative impact (low biodegradability and more toxicity of mineral and sy
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Biodegradable, Renewable, and Eco-friendly Vegetable Oil: Lubricants
Abstract The environmental pollution, toxicity, and rising cost of conventional lubricants lead to renewed awareness in the improvement of environmentally friendly bio-lubricants. Due to the negative impact (low biodegradability and more toxicity of mineral and synthetic) on the environment, there has been a stable increase in the demand for biodegradable and eco-friendly bio-lubricants. Perhaps, mineral oils pollute the atmospheric air, soil, and drinking water and disturb people’s life and plants to a greater level. However, the major problem leads to the exhaustion of the world’s crude oil, increasing crude oil prices, and problems connected to preservation have brought about renewing or reusing awareness in the use of biodegradable lubricants. Definitely, oils of natural ester are capable as a base stock for environmentally friendly bio-lubricants due to its lubricity, biodegradation capability, viscosity vs. temperature characteristics, low evaporation capacity, etc. The chapter covers the biodegradable mechanism, toxicity ration, and eco-friendly natures of natural esters of vegetable oils. Keywords Vegetable oil • Biodegradation • Bio-lubricants • Eco-friendly • Nontoxic • Base stocks
2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Biodegradable Nature of Vegetable Oil Biodegradability is defined as the capability of the material to be disintegrated by microorganisms and the method of chemical collapse or conversion of a material produced by microorganisms or enzymes. Numerous selective characterization methods are employed to evaluate the biodegradable nature of bio-lubricants and their additives. Table 2.1 gives the several countries adopted biodegradable test methods, and the Table 2.2 delivers the typical biodegradability nature of the different oils as measured by the CEC-L-33-A-94 and OECD 301B procedures. Different countries have adopted different criteria and restrictions for toxicity, and biodegradability depends on their respective sociopolitical environmental conditions. An © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 D. Gnanasekaran, V.P. Chavidi, Vegetable Oil based Bio-lubricants and Transformer Fluids, Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4870-8_2
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2 Biodegradable, Renewable, and Eco-friendly Vegetable Oil: Lubricants
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Table 2.1 Biodegradable test methods and its criterion [1, 2] Time (hours) Ready biodegradability 1. Modified AFNOR OECD 301A 2. Modified Sturm OECD 301B 3. Modified MITI OECD 301C 4. Closed Bottle OECD 301D Inherent biodegradability Modified semicontinuous activated sludge (SCAS) OECD 302A Zahn-Wellens EMPA tests OECD 302B Relatively primary biodegradation CEC-L-33-A-94
28 28 28 28 >28 28 21
Parameter measured
Criterion
Loss of dissolved organic carbon Production of CO2 Oxygen demand Oxygen demand
>70%
Loss of dissolved organic carbon Loss of dissolved organic carbon Loss of hydrocarbon infrared bands at 2930 cm−1
>20%
>60% >60% >70%
>20% >70% to ≥90
Table 2.2 Biodegradability n
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