Bioengineering of nano metal-organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy
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Bioengineering of nano metal-organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy Gaowei Chong1,2, Jie Zang1, Yi Han1, Runping Su1, Nopphon Weeranoppanant3,4 (), Haiqing Dong1,2 (), and Yongyong Li1 () Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China 2 Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Burapha University, 169 Longhard Bangsaen, Saensook, Chonburi 20131, Thailand 4 School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand 1
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Received: 7 August 2020 / Revised: 1 October 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020
ABSTRACT Immunotherapy techniques, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies and cancer vaccines, have been burgeoning with great success, particularly for specific cancer types. However, side effects with fatal risks, dysfunction in tumor microenvironment and low immune response rates remain the bottlenecks in immunotherapy. Nano metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs), with an accurate structure and a narrow size distribution, are emerging as a solution to these problems. In addition to their function of temporospatial delivery, a large library of their compositions, together with flexibility in chemical interaction and inherent immune efficacy, offers opportunities for various designs of nMOFs for immunotherapy. In this review, we overview state-of-the-art research on nMOFs-based immunotherapies as well as their combination with other therapies. We demonstrate that nMOFs are predominantly customized for vaccine delivery or tumor-microenvironment modulation. Finally, a prospect of nMOFs in cancer immunotherapy will be discussed.
KEYWORDS cancer immunotherapy, nano metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs), bioengineering, vaccine delivery, tumor-microenvironment modulation
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Introduction
As an alternative of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, cancer immunotherapy can effectively activate specific immune cells to create a specific antitumor or immune memory effect [1, 2]. Unlike conventional treatments, cancer immunotherapy reduces multidrug resistance, mitigate cancerous cell gene mutation (generally caused by chemotherapy) and enhance therapeutic synergy with other therapies like radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), thereby inhibiting cancer metastasis and recurrence [3]. However, challenges of cancer immunotherapy remain in terms of effectiveness and safety [4]. The major issues consist of poor immunogenicity, insufficient tumor infiltration, and off-target toxicity [5]. For example, programmed cell death 1 or its ligand 1 (PD-1/P
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