Biological resonance for cancer metastasis, a new hypothesis based on comparisons between primary cancers and metastases
- PDF / 450,447 Bytes
- 18 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 100 Downloads / 171 Views
REVIEW PAPER
Biological resonance for cancer metastasis, a new hypothesis based on comparisons between primary cancers and metastases Dongwei Gao & Sha Li
Received: 9 July 2013 / Accepted: 22 October 2013 / Published online: 10 November 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract Many hypotheses have been proposed to try to explain cancer metastasis. However, they seem to be contradictory and have some limitations. Comparisons of primary tumors and matched metastases provide new insight into metastasis. The results show high concordances and minor differences at multiple scales from organic level to molecular level. The concordances reflect the commonality between primary cancer and metastasis, and also mean that metastatic cancer cells derived from primary cancer are quite conservative in distant sites. The differences reflect variation that cancer cells must acquire new traits to adapt to foreign milieu during the course of evolving into a new tumor in second organs. These comparisons also provided new information on understanding mechanism of vascular metastasis, organspecific metastasis, and tumor dormancy. The collective results suggest a new hypothesis, biological resonance (bioresonance) model. The hypothesis has two aspects. One is that primary cancer and matched metastasis have a common progenitor. The other is that both ancestors of primary cancer cells and metastatic cancer cells are under similar microenvironments and receive similar or same signals. When their interactions reach a status similar to primary cancer, metastasis will occur. Compared with previous hypotheses, the bio-resonance hypothesis seems to be more applicable for cancer metastasis to explain how, when and where metastasis occurs. Thus, it has important implications for individual prediction, prevention and treatment of cancer metastasis. D. Gao 536 Hospital of PLA, 29# Xiadu street, Xining 810007, Qinghai Province, People’s Republic of China D. Gao (*) : S. Li Department of Radiation Oncology, Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA, 333# Southern Binhe Road, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Primary cancer . Metastasis . Similarity . Difference . Biological resonance (bio-resonance) model
Introduction Metastasis is one of the most enigmatic characteristics of cancer and causes 90 % of deaths from solid tumors [1]. Understanding of the biological mechanism of metastasis is of importance to unravel the metastatic cascade and may lead to novel interventions for this devastating disease. A reasonable hypothesis plays a vital role in facilitating the biology of metastasis. Since the nineteenth century, many hypotheses or theories on metastasis have been proposed(i.e. seed and soil[2], purely anatomical mechanism[3], clonal evolution and selection[4–6], parallel evolution[7, 8], the theory of cell fusion[9–11], cancer stem cell hypothesis[12, 13], dynamic heterogeneity[14–16], the same-gene model[17, 18]). They provided rational explanations for many phenomena i
Data Loading...
