Biology of the Fungal Cell
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CONTENTS I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Reaching the Plant Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Spore Adhesion to the Plant Surface . . . B. Molecular Characterisation of Adhesive Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Growth on the Plant Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Spore Germination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Hyphal Growth on the Plant Surface . . . C. The Influence of the Plant Surface on Hyphal Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Penetration of the Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. The induction of Appressorium Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Appressorium Development and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI. Acquisition of Nutrients from the Plant . . . A. Haustoria and Intracellular Hyphae of Biotrophic Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Colonisation of Plant Tissues: the Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes . . . . . . VII. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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I. Introduction Plants are, in general, resistant to the attempts of potential pathogens to infect them. Pathogens that do succeed, however, cause widespread environmental damage and economic losses. In order to establish infection, pathogens must overcome highly effective, constitutive physical and chemical barriers to pathogen ingress. They must avoid inducing additional host defences, and they must deploy mechanisms for obtaining from the plant the nutrients they need for growth and reproduction. In order to meet all these requirements, successful pathogens employ a range of different infection strategies. The strategies may be specific to a particular pathogen species or they may differ according 1 Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
to the nature of the plant surface or the prevalent environmental conditions. Despite the differences, there are a number of key steps common to most infection strategies, including adhesion to the plant surface, penetration into the plant and acquisition of nutrients from the plant cells. Basic aspects of the development of plant diseases have been known for a long time but recent studies have greatly increased our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the infection process. We now have more information on the nature of pathogen adhesives, on the role of the cytoskeleton in hyphal growth and differentiation and on signalling molecules that regulate the development and function of a variety of specialised infection structures. The new information not only contributes to our understanding of the biology of eukaryotic cells but also provides a framework for the future development of improved control methods for use in the management of plant disease in agriculture
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