Biometric indices of wild pistachio ( Pistacia atlantica Desf.) trees under resin extraction in Western Iran
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Biometric indices of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) trees under resin extraction in Western Iran Ashna Yousefi . Loghman Ghahramany Fernando Pulido . Gerardo Moreno
. Hedayat Ghazanfari .
Received: 16 August 2019 / Accepted: 12 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Resin extraction from wild pistachio trees is an extant agroforestry practice in Western Iran. This practice plays a great socio-economic role in rural communities, but its effects on tree survival and forest stand persistence is still unknown. The objective of this study was to assess how this practice could affect the persistence of wild pistachio stands. Specifically, we (1) analyzed the biometric indices of wild pistachio trees under resin extraction vs untreated trees, and (2) evaluated the changes in the distribution of biometric indices classes of resonated wild pistachio trees. Two paired stands, including an unmanaged stand and a managed stand were selected. Tree species was recorded and diameter at breast height (dbh) for all
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00518-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Yousefi Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran L. Ghahramany (&) H. Ghazanfari Department of Forestry, The Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros Forestry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] F. Pulido G. Moreno Institute for Dehesa Research, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Spain
trees (dbh C 5 cm) was measured. Total height, trunk height, and crown diameters were measured in wild pistachio trees as well. Results indicated that the traditional method of resin extraction alters the frequency distribution of trees in all the biometric indices measured. The median dbh (36 cm and 26 cm in unmanaged and managed stands, respectively), total height (6.4 m and 5.1 m, respectively) and crown area (44.2 m2 and 23.3 m2, respectively) differed significantly between investigated stands. Trunk height (2.7 m and 3.2 m, respectively) and trunk height to total height ratio (0.43 and 0.62, respectively) were significantly higher in the managed stand. Resintapped trees reached a lower height and crown size for a given stem diameter, indicating that resin-tapping induce some kind of stress and/or consumption of resources that slow down tree growth. Keywords Allometric equations Agroforestry Forest conservation Multipurpose tree Non-wood forest products Pistachio tree
Introduction Farming multipurpose trees, which interact economically and ecologically with other land-use production components, is a common agroforestry practices worldwide, especially in underdeveloped regions (Nair 1985). In addition to wood production,
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Agroforest Syst
multipurpose trees are the main source of a large number of non-wood forest products (NWFPs, here
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