Potential invasion range of raccoon in Iran under climate change
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Potential invasion range of raccoon in Iran under climate change Sam Khosravifard 1 & Andrew K. Skidmore 1,2 & Albertus G. Toxopeus 1 & Aidin Niamir 3 Received: 31 January 2020 / Revised: 21 August 2020 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Growing global evidence demonstrates that not only the invasion of alien species has imposed serious threats to native biodiversity, but it also threatens health and economics. The raccoon (Procyon lotor), medium-sized mammal, native to North America, as a result of escapes or deliberate introductions in the mid-twentieth century, is now distributed across much of mainland Europe and the Caucasus and known as an alien invasive species. The raccoon was observed and reported for the first time in 1991 in the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion in Iran, near the border of Azerbaijan. Although it has been almost three decades since the first report in the northwest of the country, there are not many official reports nor scientific research on its dispersal and adaptive behaviour. In this study, we provide new evidence on the current distribution range and predict the potential distribution range and thus invasion risk of the raccoon under climate change in Iran. We trained an ensemble of species distribution models trained in native and European invaded range and transferred it over space and time to Iran in 6 future climate scenarios. We also calculated the potential dispersal range of the raccoon per year and explored potential invasion corridors. Our results show that the raccoon inclined to expand in the forests and rangelands near the Caspian Sea and toward west Iran. Our work provides evidence to conservationists and decision-makers to further focus on the areas where the species will most likely expand, under the future scenarios of the climate change in 2050. Keywords Alien invasive species . Climate change scenarios . Procyon lotor . Species distribution model . Species dispersal
Introduction Reliable information on the distribution of alien species is crucial for biodiversity monitoring and conservation management (Dornelas et al. 2014). Knowledge about the potential distribution of the alien species is also required by conservation managers for better planning in the decision-making of tasks such as bio-security (Catford et al. 2012), the identification of entry points (Seebens et al. 2013), the quantification of impacts posed by invasive alien species (Blackburn and Steele 1999), or the assessment of the ecological degradation of
* Sam Khosravifard [email protected] 1
Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
2
Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
3
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
habitats (Vandekerkhove et al. 2013). Growing global evidence demonstrates that
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