Pistachio ( Pistacia vera ) shell as a new candidate for enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Pistachio (Pistacia vera) shell as a new candidate for enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides Faride Hesam1 · Babak Ghiassi Tarzi1 · Masoud Honarvar1 · Mahshid Jahadi2 Received: 8 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Every year, considerable amount of pistachio by-products is generated in pistachio processing industry which their disposal is an important challenge. Our study aimed to produce valuable prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from pistachio shell (PS) that have no particular uses. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide application yielded 32.85% xylan with low residual lignin content (2.48%). Structural characterization of mentioned xylan determined. Enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan with commercial endoxylanase afforded breakdown into XOS containing xylobiose and xylotriose. Response surface methodology (RSM) disclosed the optimized condition as: enzyme dose of 85 (U/g), the concentration of substrate (6%) and the reaction time (10 h) corresponding to maximum yield of xylobiose (1.86 mg/ml) and xylotriose (0.818 mg/ml). Application of the twostep process consisting of xylan extraction pursued by enzymatic hydrolysis enabled prebiotic XOS production for food and pharmaceutical industrial uses, from the pistachio shell as a novel raw material. Keywords Pistachio (Pistacia vera) shell · Xylan · Xylooligosaccharides · Enzymatic process · Response surface methodology (RSM) · Prebiotic
Introduction Agricultural residues as lignocellulosic biomasses consist of three dominant components: (1) 35–50% cellulose, a polymer with a backbone of D-glucose monomers linked together by b-(1,4) linkages in a firm crystalline form. (2) 15–30% hemicellulose, a branched polymer consists of penoses (xylose and arabinose) and hexoses (galactose, glucose, fructose, and mannose), and/or uronic acid (glucuronic, O-methylgalacturonic acid, and galacturonic acids). (3) 15–30% lignin as a complex phenyl propane polymer [1, 2]. Producing biofuels from the abundant component (cellulose) has been the fundamental aim of researches on biomass. Also, lignin derivatives after degradation like phenolic acids, alcohols, and aldehydes have been widely studied [1].
* Masoud Honarvar [email protected] 1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
2
Polysaccharides with β-(1 → 4)-linked backbones present in plant cell walls are called hemicelluloses [3]. Hemicelluloses are used as a component of skin substitutes in damaging of superficial epidermal layers [4], and they act as the natural barrier in packaging films [5]. Also, ethanol, xylitol, furfural, levulinic acid, and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) can be produced from hemicellulosic components [6]. Xylooligosaccharides are oligosaccharides that contain 2–10 monosaccharide unit and are regarded as
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