Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Vol 3 Persistent and Recalcitr

 Healthy environment is important for any kind of biota on earth. It provides the basic elements of life such as clean water, fresh air, fertile soil and supports ecosystem of the food chain. Pollution drastically alters quality of the environment by

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ediation and Biotechnology, Vol 3 Persistent and Recalcitrant Toxic Substances

Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Vol 3

Rouf Ahmad Bhat Khalid Rehman Hakeem Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Editors

Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Vol 3 Persistent and Recalcitrant Toxic Substances

Editors Rouf Ahmad Bhat Department of Environmental Science Cluster University, Sri Pratap College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Director of the Princess Dr Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Khalid Rehman Hakeem Department of Biological Sciences King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Dr Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

ISBN 978-3-030-46074-7    ISBN 978-3-030-46075-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46075-4 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

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Foreword

A healthy environment is essential for any biota, without which survival is not possible. The qualities of the environment are continuously being degraded by persistent and recalcitrant pollutants released into different ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities viz., improper wastewater discharge, unscientific solid waste management, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and application of recalcitrant substances and pesticides. These persistent pollutants not only affect the living organisms in soil and water but also have deleterious impacts on human health. Undoubtedly, synthetic substances like pesticides, herbicides, etc., are helpful for controlling unwanted pes