Black and White Race Differences in Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Fiber Type, and Their Influence on Metabolic Processes
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Black and White Race Differences in Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Fiber Type, and Their Influence on Metabolic Processes Tyrone Ceaser • Gary Hunter
Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract Obesity is a known risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Increasing aerobic capacity (VO2max) reduces adiposity, maintains weight, and reduces the risk of developing obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Two major determinants of aerobic capacity are the metabolic properties specific to a particular muscle fiber type and the capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver nutrientrich content to the muscle. Recent research suggests that some race/ethnic groups, particularly non-Hispanic Black subjects, are predisposed to a reduced VO2max by way of muscle fiber type. Combined with insufficient physical activity, these characteristics place non-Hispanic Black subjects at an increased risk for obesity and other adverse health outcomes when compared with other race/ethnic groups. The purpose of this review was to suggest a model for explaining how skeletal muscle fiber type may contribute to reduced aerobic capacity and obesity among nonHispanic Black subjects. Our review indicates that metabolic properties of type II skeletal muscle (e.g. reduced oxidative capacity, capillary density) are related to various cardiometabolic diseases. Based on the review, non-Hispanic Black subjects appear to have a lower maximal aerobic capacity and a greater percentage of type II skeletal muscle fibers. Combined with reduced energy expenditure and reduced hemoglobin concentration, nonHispanic Black subjects may be inherently predisposed to a T. Ceaser (&) Wingate University, 220 North Camden Road, Wingate, NC, USA e-mail: [email protected] G. Hunter University of Alabama, 205 Education Building, 901 13th St. S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA e-mail: [email protected]
reduced maximal aerobic capacity compared with nonHispanic White subjects, thereby increasing the risk for obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Key Points There are evidence-based differences in muscle fiber type between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White subjects. These differences are race-specific and may contribute to differences in disease risk and health disparities between non-Hispanic Black and nonHispanic White subjects.
1 Introduction According to the National Institutes of Health, health disparities are differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease and related adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the US. Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and hypertension are common health disparities seen in the US. Overweight and obesity are nationwide health concerns, and affect more individuals than coronary artery disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes combined. Obesity is also a major health disparity, disproportionately affecting non-Hispanic Black subjects. Among the non-Hispanic Black population, particularly women, obesity rates exceed that of the general po
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