Bladder cancer: total antioxidant capacity and pharmacotherapy with vitamin-E
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UROLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER
Bladder cancer: total antioxidant capacity and pharmacotherapy with vitamin‑E Hamid Mazdak1,2 · Zahra Tolou_Ghamari1 · Mehdi Gholampour1,2 Received: 3 December 2019 / Accepted: 12 February 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Purpose Free radicals play an important role in the different complex course of carcinogenesis. Higher concentrations of reactive oxygen species are highly associated with the presence of tumors. The urinary bladder organ is also a target for many carcinogens. The major objective of this investigation was to measure the role of redox state or total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and antioxidant functions of vitamin E in patients with low-grade papillary cancer of the bladder (BC). Methods The blood sample was used for measurement of the T-AOC by the Trolox-TAC assay kit. Thirty-five patients with BC and thirty-five healthy subjects that matched for age were entered in this study. The obtained data were analyzed using the Statistical Package (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results In healthy controls, the mean ± SD for T-AOC was 91.8 ± 16.6 (U/ml), that was significantly higher when compared to the mean value of 24.5 ± 28.9 (U/ml) in patients with BC (p = 0.00). The difference in concentration of T-AOC before and after prescription of vitamin E was encountered with a p value of 0.16. Conclusions By reference to the significant difference between T-AOC in patients and healthy controls, our results strongly suggest a low level of T-AOC in patients with BC. The obtained changes in T-AOC before and after management with vitamin E recommended additional consideration associates with different stages and grade of tumor in patients with BC. Keywords Vitamin E · Antioxidant capacity · Cancer · Bladder Abbreviations T-AOC Total antioxidant capacity BC Bladder cancer SD Standard deviation ROS Reactive oxygen species RNS Reactive nitrogen species DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Min Minimum Max Maximum
* Zahra Tolou_Ghamari [email protected] 1
Isfahan Kidney Transplantation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2
Introduction Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common urinary tract cancer in the world [1, 2]. In vitro and in vivo studies recommend that high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and oxidative stress play a crucial role in human cancer. In fact, the presence of an unpaired electron results in certain common properties that are shared by most radicals. The most important free radicals are oxygen derivatives, particularly superoxide and the hydroxyl radical. In fact, ROS develop numerous biological properties and contribute to signaling events during physiological and pathological processes. Aggressive cancer cells depend on the elevated intracellular levels of ROS, could proliferate, self-renew, and metastasize [3–6]. In these rea
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