Blending of mining wastes from the Hammam Zriba mine (Northeast Tunisia) with the primary ingredients of clinkers: an ev
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Blending of mining wastes from the Hammam Zriba mine (Northeast Tunisia) with the primary ingredients of clinkers: an evaluation of effects on gray Portland clinker properties Ikram Jabli 1 & Tahar Aloui 1 & Yousra Hayouni 1 & Wissem Gallala 2 & Houda Khaled 1 & Mohamed Essghaier Gaied 2 & Fredj Chaabani 1 & Johann Plank 3 Received: 14 February 2019 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract The present work focuses on the effects of the blending of mining wastes from the Hammam Zriba mine (Northeast Tunisia) with the primary ingredients of Portland clinker properties. The raw mix was composed of limestone, sand, and clay sampled from the Sidi Bouzid area in Central Tunisia. The used mining wastes are composed essentially of barium, sulfur, and strontium and associated with calcium. Results show that it is possible to use these wastes to formulate an ecological clinker with high quality. The reference clinker is composed of C3S (67.8%), C2S (7.9% β-C2S and 7.15% α-C2S), and C3A (10.3%), associated with small quantities of C4AF. The incorporation of 2% of wastes does not lead to any significant change in mineral composition. The addition of 4% of wastes promotes the decomposition of alite into α-C2S (7.1 to 13.7%) and β-C2S (7.9 to 9.6%). In contrast, the clinker melt exhibits a slight drop of ferrite (5.3 to 3.1% C4AF) and a quasi-unchanged level of cubic-C3A. Greater incorporation of wastes tends to establish the mineral distribution as the reference. The amounts of free lime low when the addition of wastes is lower than 4% (< 2.28%). Higher addition (8%) shifts the free lime levels in particular for pure C3A and C3S (15.6 and 6% respectively). For the reference, free lime levels remain low (< 1%). This result bears relevant environmental and economic aspects by limiting greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing the production of low-cost gray cement, reducing the impacts of mining wastes, and opening an alternative for mining wastes management. Keywords Mining waste . Clinker . Mineralizer . Eco-cement . Hammam Zriba mine
Introduction In Sidi Bouzid region of Central Tunisia, substantial reserves of carbonates, sands, clays, and gypsum outcrop in substantial reserves (Fig. 1), and a part of them are well known for their mineralogical and chemical purity and whiteness (Jabli et al. Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler * Ikram Jabli [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Mineral Resources and the Environment, Department of Geology, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis el Manar, Campus, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
2
Research Unit of Geosystems, Georesources and Geo Environments, Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, Erriadh City, Zrig, 6072 Gabes, Tunisia
3
Technische Universität München, Chair of Construction Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Munich, Germany
2019). The most important deposits are the Cretaceous carbonates, which include the Abiod Formation (CampanianMaastrichtian) and its equivalent the Merfeg Formation (
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