Botulinum Toxin for the Head and Neck: a Review of Common Uses and Recent Trends
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USE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY (A D’SOUZA AND CL NG, SECTION EDITORS)
Botulinum Toxin for the Head and Neck: a Review of Common Uses and Recent Trends Tatiana Lapa 1 & Rishi Mandavia 1 & Richard Gentile 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review To provide ENT surgeons with an up-to-date overview of the common cosmetic and non-cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the head and neck. Recent Findings We present a narrative summary of the pharmacology and commercial preparations; principles of use; cautions, contraindications and adverse effects; common cosmetic applications; common non-cosmetic applications; and recent cosmetic trends in the use of BoNT type A. Summary The cosmetic and non-cosmetic applications of BoNT in the head and neck have rapidly expanded in recent years, with excellent outcomes and considerable demand from patients. It is essential for ENT surgeons to have a good awareness of BoNT and its applications to complement their practices for the benefit of their patients. This narrative review provides a concise, comprehensive and up-to-date overview of BoNT applications in the head and neck for today’s ENT surgeon. Keywords Botulinum toxin . Botox . Head and neck . Ear, nose and throat . Facial plastic surgery . Cosmetic
Introduction Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are protein neurotoxins produced by strains of anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria of the genus Clostridium (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyrricum , Clostridium barati and Clostridium argentinensis) [1]. The toxins inhibit the release of acetylcholine in synapses, resulting in the temporary reduction of muscle activity and glandular secretion [2]. The first therapeutic This article is part of the Topical collection on Use of Botulinum Toxin in Otorhinolaryngology * Tatiana Lapa [email protected]; https://www.drtatiana.co.uk Rishi Mandavia [email protected] Richard Gentile [email protected] 1
Dr. Tatiana Aesthetic Dermatology Clinic, 35 Devonshire Place, London W1G6JP, UK
2
Gentile Facial Plastic & Aesthetic Laser Center, Youngstown, OH, USA
use of BoNT in humans was in 1980, by ophthalmologist Alan B. Scott, for the treatment of strabismus. Since then, the cosmetic and non-cosmetic applications of BoNTs have rapidly expanded, with excellent outcomes and considerable demand from patients. It is crucial for ENT surgeons to have a good awareness of both the cosmetic and non-cosmetic applications of BoNT for the head and neck to complement their practices for the benefit of their patients. This narrative provides a brief overview of the pharmacology and commercial preparations; principles of use; cautions, contraindications and adverse effects; common cosmetic applications; common non-cosmetic applications; and recent cosmetic trends in the use of BoNT in the head and neck.
Pharmacology and Commercial Preparations Seven distinct serotypes of BoNT have been identified (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) that differ significantly in their immunological a
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