Brassinosteroids: Physiological Roles and its Signalling in Plants
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to be naturally occurring polyhydroxylated plant steroids that showed diverse roles in regulation of various physiological and developmental processes in plants under both natural and stressful conditions. With the advance
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Brassinosteroids: Physiological Roles and its Signalling in Plants Mohammad Yusuf, Tanveer Alam Khan, and Qazi Fariduddin
Abstract Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to be naturally occurring polyhydroxylated plant steroids that showed diverse roles in regulation of various physiological and developmental processes in plants under both natural and stressful conditions. With the advancement of various omic approaches, informations available provide huge data to understand the processes responsible for BRs biosynthesis, transport, signalling, and metabolism pathways. Moreover, in the recent past BRs have shown the ability to cross talk with other phytohormones such as auxin, polyamines, cytokinin, ethylene, and jasmonic acid in regulating varied ranges of physiological and biochemical processes in plants. On the other hand, the exogenous application of BRs in agriculture to improve growth and yield under various stress conditions including drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metal toxicity is of immense significance as these stresses severely hamper the normal metabolism of plants. The information available till date regarding BRs will definitely help in establishing various mechanisms which modulate various processes in plants and overcome the future challenges in agriculture.
Introduction Growth and development of plants are regulated by both endogenous and exogenous factors. As endogenous factors, hormones play an indispensable role in regulating the developmental processes. Hormonal regulation of development is a complex process with interactions of various hormones at transcriptional, translational, and cellular levels (Chandler 2009). Among hormones, the well-recognized plant steroidal hormone brassinosteroid (BR) also plays pivotal role in promotion of cell expansion, cell elongation, cell division, and vascular differentiation, and
M. Yusuf • T.A. Khan • Q. Fariduddin (*) Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 M. Sarwat et al. (eds.), Stress Signaling in Plants: Genomics and Proteomics Perspective, Volume 2, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42183-4_10
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provides protection against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Over the past decade, many of the plant hormone receptors, signalling components, and downstream transcriptional networks have been identified through genetic analyses. Similar progress in understanding the synthesis and transport of hormones has provided a more complete picture of the mechanisms controlling the distribution and abundance of these molecules. It is now possible to explore the more complex question of how a plant coordinates its growth with the simultaneous input of multiple stimuli by using insights into hormone functions and the plethora of signalling and synthetic mutants. The crosstalk between two hormones, at both physiological and molecular levels, is receiving substantial attention, bringing new understa
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