Bromophenol blue doped in nano-droplet: spectroscopy, nonlinear optical properties and Staphylococcus aureus treatment
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Bromophenol blue doped in nano‑droplet: spectroscopy, nonlinear optical properties and Staphylococcus aureus treatment M. Pourtabrizi1,2 · N. Shahtahmassebi1,2 · M. R. Sharifmoghadam3 Received: 12 October 2020 / Accepted: 20 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bromophenol blue (BPB)-doped nano-droplets are recognized as a synthesis of BPB dye and transparent dispersion of nano-droplets (ND), in a continuous phase of oils. In this regard, to discover the effect of ND size on nonlinear optical properties of BPB, a solution of BPB-doped ND with heptane oil and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) as a surfactant has been prepared and therefore investigated with Z-scan technique. The consequences have revealed that the nonlinear refractive (NLR) index, of the BPB-doped ND has been improved by comparison with BPB aqueous solution. The second-order hyperpolarizability of the BPB-doped ND has been also reduced subsequent a reduction in ND size owing to reducing dye aggregation. Moreover, the BPB-doped ND in the company of laser radiation has been utilized in order to study of antibacterial photodynamic therapy of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by nonlinear absorption. As a consequence, the bacteria colonies have been also exceedingly declined in the group treated with the BPB-doped ND. Keywords Bromophenol blue · Staphylococcus aureus · surfactant · Photodynamic therapy · Z-scan
1 Introduction Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials can be eminently suited for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (APDT) applications by enhancement of optical nonlinearity (Xu et al. 2008; Ray 2010; Kachynski et al. 2014). The nonlinearity can be perceived in extremely high intensities of light such as lasers. In this regard, one of the attractive subjects is improvement of nonlinearity of material with various applications. The NLO properties of different organic dyes have been investigated by Z-scan measurement (Rao et al. 2011; Pourtabrizi et al. * M. Pourtabrizi [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91775‑1436, Iran
2
Nano Research Center, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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2017b, 2018; Shavakandi et al. 2017; Ghanadan et al. 2019). It has been indicated that such properties of materials can also be modified owing to environmental effects such as solvent polarity (Hoseini et al. 2019; Sharifi et al. 2019), phase transition (Vogt 1974) and surfactant micelles (Sharifi et al. 2018). The Z-scan method has been identified as a simple, effective and high-sensitivity technique to analyse third-order NLO parameters such as nonlinear absorption (NLA) coefficient and nonlinear refractive (NLR) index (Sheik-Bahae et al. 1990; Al-Ahmad et al. 2011). Most of studies on NLO properties of organic dyes have been conducted on xanthene and azo d
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