Can spinosad be effective for the integrated management of Anastrepha ludens (Tephritidae) in soil and fallen fruit, and
- PDF / 494,908 Bytes
- 10 Pages / 547.087 x 737.008 pts Page_size
- 4 Downloads / 134 Views
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Can spinosad be effective for the integrated management of Anastrepha ludens (Tephritidae) in soil and fallen fruit, and be compatible with the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Braconidae)? Trevor Williams
&
Gabriel Mercado & Martín Aluja
Received: 6 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are susceptible to insecticide treatments when leaving infested fruit to pupate in the soil and when emerging as adults. Laboratory experiments involved placing third instar larvae of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens on sand treated with the naturally-derived insecticide spinosad (SpinTor 12SC). Negative correlations were detected between the concentration of spinosad and pupation and adult emergence. Treatment of pupae significantly reduced adult longevity, which could impact pest reproduction as adult flies require approximately two weeks to reach sexual maturity. Brief immersion of naturally infested oranges in 33–66 ppm spinosad solution also significantly reduced adult emergence. Exposure to spinosadtreated sand (33 ppm) did not adversely affect the foraging behavior or mortality of the braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. We conclude that effective control of A. ludens in soil with spinosad is possible but will likely require application of high concentrations of the insecticide, which may not be economically viable under conventional fruit production schemes. In the case of organic orchards surrounded by wild hosts that harbor large fly populations, targeted spinosad soil applications might be desirable as fly numbers could be significantly reduced without harming parasitoids.
T. Williams (*) : G. Mercado : M. Aluja Instituto de Ecología AC, 91073 Xalapa, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Fruit fly . Pupation . Adult emergence . Sand . Diachasmimorpha longicaudata . Parasitoid . Citrus
Introduction Tephritid fruit flies are major pests of fruit production in many parts of the world (Aluja et al. 2009; Shelly et al. 2014). The Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew is a serious pest of citrus and mango in Mexico and Central America that also threatens fruit production in sub-tropical regions of the United States and elsewhere (Aluja 1994; Birke et al. 2013). It is highly polyphagous and can attack the fruit of many other plant species (Aluja and Mangan 2008; Birke et al. 2015). The presence of this pest limits international trade in fruit produced in areas with high pest populations and often requires that the commodity be subjected to costly post-harvest treatments to minimize the risk of fly larvae surviving in fruit destined for export (Shelly et al. 2014). Management strategies targeted at this pest include cultural control methods and area-wide population suppression by the sterile insect technique (SIT) (Enkerlin 2005), in combination with spinosad-based bait sprays (Flores et al. 2011) and releases of the braconid larvalpupal endoparasitoid, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenop
Data Loading...
