Carbohydrate Administration and Exercise Performance
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REVIEW ARTICLE
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Carbohydrate Administration and Exercise Performance What Are the Potential Mechanisms Involved? Antony D. Karelis,1 JohnEric W. Smith,2 Dennis H. Passe3 and Francois Pe´ronnet4 1 2 3 4
Department of Kinesiology, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Montre´al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, Illinois, USA Scout Consulting, LLC, Hebron, Illinois, USA Department of Kinesiology, Universite´ de Montre´al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Contents Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Carbohydrate (CHO) Administration and Central Fatigue during Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Central Fatigue and Tryptophan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Hypoglycaemia and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Cognition and Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Mouth Rinsing with CHO and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Blood Glucose Oxidation and CHO Administration during Exercise: Effect on Performance . . . . . . . 3. Effects of CHO Administration on Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Effects of CHO Administration on Muscle Metabolite Levels during Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Exercise-Induced Strain: Effect of CHO Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. CHO Administration and Excitation-Contraction Coupling during Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abstract
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It is well established that carbohydrate (CHO) administration increases performance during prolonged exercise in humans and animals. The mechanism(s), which could mediate the improvement in exercise performance associated with CHO administration, however, remain(s) unclear. This review focuses on possible underlying mechanisms that could explain the increase in exercise performance observed with the administration of CHO during prolonged muscle contractions in humans and animals. The beneficial effect of CHO ingestion on performance during prolonged exercise could be due to several factors including (i) an attenuation in central fatigue; (ii) a better maintenance of CHO oxidation rates; (iii) muscle glycogen sparing; (iv) changes in muscle metabolite levels; (v) reduced exercise-induced strain; and (vi) a better maintenance of excitation-contraction coupling. In gen
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