Carbon-based membrane materials and applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review
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REVIEW
Carbon‑based membrane materials and applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review Chen Li1 · Jie Yang1 · Luying Zhang1 · Shibo Li1 · Yin Yuan1 · Xin Xiao1 · Xinfei Fan1 · Chengwen Song1 Received: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Water contamination and freshwater shortage are calling for advanced technologies of water recycling. High performance of membrane separation has been recently obtained using carbon-based membrane materials such as carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber membranes, activated carbon and graphene. Properties of carbon materials improve fouling mitigation, hydrophilicity and permeate quality. Here, we review the fabrication of carbon-based membrane materials and applications in water treatment. The major points are: 1) carbon membranes derived from coal and phenolic resins have been widely used in water treatment. Coal-based carbon membranes used as both electrode and membrane filter display high potential owing to their electrical conductivity. 2) Four types of carbon nanotube membranes are presented, with focus on carbon nanotubes that show high separation performance. 3) Carbon fiber membranes show high permeability due to abundant functional groups on the surface. 4) Activated carbon membranes are promising for organic matter removal owing to their high surface area, micro- and macroscopic structure, and various chemical functional groups. (5) Graphene-based membranes with unique laminar pores are very promising. Keywords Membrane · Carbon materials · Wastewater treatment · Water purification · Separation
Introduction The industrial development and population growth have led to serious and sustainable challenge toward the water resources in the twenty-first century (Ma et al. 2017; Menachem and William 2011; Crini and Lichtfouse 2018; Salgot and Folch 2018). The World Health Organization estimates that more than 1.2 billion people worldwide have gotten sick or died through drinking contaminated water, and the number is expected to significantly grow in the coming years (Maggie 2007; Montgomery and Elimelech 2007; Wilson et al. 2018). Hence, in order to reduce the hazards from water pollution to humankind, various technologies and industrial processes for water treatment or purification have been developed and applied rapidly in recent years (Hayat
* Xinfei Fan [email protected] * Chengwen Song [email protected] 1
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
et al. 2017; Jiao et al. 2017; Pintor et al. 2016; Zheng et al. 2015; Bouabidi et al. 2018; Bello and Raman 2018). Among them, membrane separation has been accepted as a promising and pervasive technology arising from its numerous advantages of no chemical additives requirement, low energy demand, easy operation, high separation selectivity and good stability (Chowdhury et al. 2018; Gin and Noble 2011; Lau et al. 2018; Li et al. 2016a, b, c, d; Madhura et al. 2017; Rezakazemi et al. 2017; T
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