Carcinogenic effects of indoor black carbon and particulate matters (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) in rural households of India
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Carcinogenic effects of indoor black carbon and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) in rural households of India Mohammad Arif 1
&
Shagufta Parveen 2
Received: 17 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Biomass is one of the prime domestic energy sources in the kitchens and about 60% of households are still using biomass and kerosene for cooking in India. These traditional cooking practices are incompetent as the use of biomass in traditional cookstove produces an enormous amount of carbonaceous aerosols that lead to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Emissions of various pollutants like black carbon (BC), PM10 and PM2.5 from burning of biomass cause serious health impacts like respiratory illness, lung cancer, watering of eyes, coughing, asthma and heart problems especially in women due to higher rate of inhalation of these fine particulate matters during the cooking period. Quantification of BC, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions from a different type of biomass in various types of kitchen arrangements and its associated impacts are poorly examined in India. Hence, daily concentrations of BC, PM2.5 and PM10 were monitored from different types of biomass user’s households during January 2018 to December 2019 to assess indoor air quality by using aethalometer and nephelometer (pDR-1500) in three districts (Sitapur, Patna and Murshidabad) of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) where approximately, 96% of rural families rely on biomass cooking. The highest mass concentrations were observed in biomass user’s households and cow-dung cake users due to low calorific value. About 30.13% of PM10 and 35.89% of PM2.5 data exceeded the national ambient air quality standard on a daily basis in biomass user’s households. A cancer risk assessment was also conducted in terms of mass concentration of these pollutants. The lifespan danger from exposure to BC was 4.33 × 10−7 in indoor for non-ventilated kitchens, 2.63 × 10−7 in indoor for ventilated kitchens, 3.98 × 10−7 in outdoor for separated kitchen, 3.22 × 10−7 for semi-open kitchen and 1.78 × 10−7 for open kitchen. The vulnerability assessment for cancer mortality under exposure of pollution was estimated to be highest for the age group of more than 50 years whereas lowest for the age group of 0–4 years for all kinds of kitchens in the study area. Keywords Black carbon . Biomass burning . Traditional cookstove . LPG . Lifetime cancer risk . Age-standardized cancer mortality
Introduction Air pollution due to natural and anthropogenic emissions is one of the serious dilemma in the world. About 91% of the world population could not breathe fresh air and more than half the population of the urban areas is exposed to 2.5-time higher ambient air pollution than the prescribed guidelines Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya * Mohammad Arif [email protected] 1
Directorate of Green India Mission, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, New Delhi, India
2
Department of Biotechnology, Kum
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