Statistical evaluation of PM 2.5 and dissemination of PM 2.5 , SO 2 and NO 2 during Diwali at Chennai, India
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Statistical evaluation of PM2.5 and dissemination of PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 during Diwali at Chennai, India Mariselvam Ammasi Krishnan1 · Thiruselvi Devaraj1 · Karthikeyan Velayutham1 · Vasudevan Perumal2 · Sivanesan Subramanian1 Received: 12 June 2018 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the pollution caused by fireworks on the day of what is known as Diwali festival which is celebrated every year in October–November. The increase in particle pollutants such as the particulate matter 2.5 ( PM2.5) over a time period around the festival days is noted for a year of 2017 in the city of Chennai, South India, and this increase in pollutant levels is correlated with the increase in health issues present among public during this festival time. It was observed that PM2.5 varied from 30.06 ± 1.5 to 146.82 ± 7.3 µg/m3 with an average of 68.18 ± 26.84 µg/m3, and the mean concentration for three consecutive years (2015–2017) was lower than National Ambient Air Quality Standards. All the important pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM2.5 have been measured during pre-Diwali, Diwali day and after Diwali at Choolaimedu (CM) and Chinmayanagar (CN) areas. Due to dense population, these areas are expected to have high levels of firework activity and are typical for the study. The gaseous pollutants S O2 and NO2 correlated with wind speed, wind direction, temperature and O2. Eye irritation was found to be the relative humidity. P M2.5 had good correlation with S most common health issue, which affected 44.3% of the total surveyed residents during these festival days. Keywords Fireworks · Hazardous materials · PM2.5 · National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) · Diwali
1 Introduction Diwali is one among the several religious festivals in India. It is celebrated every year during October–November, which is mostly the rainy season here. Bursting of crackers and fireworks are the major activities of this festival celebration. Fireworks are made up of chemicals such as sulphur, manganese, potassium nitrates, chlorate and perchlorates, * Sivanesan Subramanian [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Department of ECE, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Natural Hazards
carbon, sodium oxalate, aluminium, iron dust, nitrates of barium and strontium (McLain 1980). The fireworks display contains complex organic components and has trace elements raised up more than permissible values (Seidal and Birnbaum 2015; Feng et al. 2016; Kong et al. 2015; Pervez et al. 2016), which are harmful to human health (Sun et al. 2015). During Lantern festival in China, it is stated that the fireworks released the primary and secondary pollutants increasing their concentration very much (Feng et al. 2016). Here, the Diwali festival has increased such pollutant levels two to ten times.
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