The effects of synoptic and local meteorological condition on CO 2 , CH 4 , PM 10 and PM 2.5 at Bachok Marine Research S
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The effects of synoptic and local meteorological condition on CO2, CH4, PM10 and PM2.5 at Bachok Marine Research Station (BMRS) in Peninsular Malaysia Noraini Mohyeddin1 · Azizan Abu Samah1,2 · Sheeba Nettukandy Chenoli1,2 · Matthew J. Ashfold3 · Mohammed Iqbal Mead4 · David Oram5 · Mohd Talib Latif6 · Sivaprasad P.2 · Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor1 Received: 26 April 2019 / Accepted: 4 January 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study is focused on Bachok Marine Research Station (BMRS) which is exposed to different scales of meteorological condition during the northeast (NE) and southwest (SW) monsoons. BMRS experiences both synoptic and land–sea breeze events during the NE monsoon, but only the land–sea breezes are dominant during the SW monsoon. Two case studies were investigated in which the first case study (CS1) was conducted from 25 to 27 January 2016 while the second one (CS2) from 3 to 5 June 2016. BMRS experienced strong synoptic effect during CS1 with strong northeasterly winds (wind speed > 10 ms−1) up to an altitude of 2500 m and vertical thermal gradient only up to 600 m. Using Concentrated Weighted Trajectory (CWT) analysis, BMRS was shown to be influenced by the regional sources of pollutants originated from the central region of China and areas along coastal Vietnam during CS1. Meanwhile, CS2 was associated with daily land–sea breeze event, strong diurnal effect and closely linked to the local source of pollutants from areas along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of P M10 and P M2.5 were two times higher when offshore winds dominated BMRS, suggesting its great relation to the local emissions. Overall, BMRS presents a valuable opportunity to study the influence of regional and local atmospheric flows to the variabilities of air pollutants, thus enabling better understanding and providing a key reference to formulate effective pollution abatement strategies.
1 Introduction Responsible Editor: M. Telisman Prtenjak. * Sheeba Nettukandy Chenoli [email protected] 1
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Centre of Atmospheric Informatics and Emissions Technology, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
5
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
6
Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Southeast Asia (SEA) is a fast emerging region with a rapidly growing economy (OECD 2019) and future energy demand and rapid industrialization are expected to increase the emissions of anthropogeni
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