Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates Comparative and Evolutiona
The focus of this book is the evolution of cardiovascular and respiratory control in vertebrates. Life originated in water, which has constantly changing temperatures and O2 levels. Fish gills can extract up to 80% of their inspired O2, because they have
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Dr. Mogens L. Glass
•
Dr. Stephen C. Wood
Editors
Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects
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Editors Dr. Mogens L. Glass Universidade de São Paulo Fac. Medicina Depto. Fisiologia Avenida Bandeirantes 3900 Ribeirao Preto-SP Brazil [email protected]
Dr. Stephen C. Wood Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of New Mexic o School of Medicine Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-93984-9 e-ISBN 978-3-540-93985-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2008944009 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover Illustrations: Gray-necked wood rail (Aramides cajana). Photo by E. Brandt de Oliveira. Group of capivars (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), weighing up to 40kg. Photo by J.P.Touborg, Brabrand, Denmark. “Prego” monkey (Cebus apella) in a tree. Photo by J.P.Touborg, Brabrand, Denmark. Cover design: WMX Design GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Hopefully, this book will be taken off of the shelf frequently to be studied carefully over many years. More than 40 researchers were involved in this project, which examines respiration, circulation, and metabolism from fish to the land vertebrates, including human beings. A breathable and stable atmosphere first appeared about 500 million years ago. Oxygen levels are not stable in aquatic environments and exclusively water-breathing fish must still cope with the ever-changing levels of O2 and with large temperature changes. This is reflected in their sophisticated countercurrent systems, with high O2 extraction and internal and external O2 receptors. The conquest for the terrestrial environment took place in the late Devonian period (355–359 million years ago), and recent discoveries portray the gradual transitional evolution of land vertebrates. The oxygen-rich and relatively stable atmospheric conditions implied that oxygen-sensing mechanisms were relatively simple and lowgain compared with acid–base regulation. Recently, physiology has expanded into related fields such as biochemistry, mo
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