Cryptosporidiosis in Other Vertebrates
Cryptosporidium has adapted to a broad range of hosts in all major vertebrate classes, and the species associated with humans and livestock represent a small fraction of the diversity in the genus. This review focuses on Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidio
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Cryptosporidiosis in Other Vertebrates Martin Kva´cˇ, John McEvoy, Brianna Stenger, and Mark Clark
Abstract Cryptosporidium has adapted to a broad range of hosts in all major vertebrate classes, and the species associated with humans and livestock represent a small fraction of the diversity in the genus. This review focuses on Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in terrestrial vertebrates other than humans and livestock. As the known host range of Cryptosporidium continues to expand, major orders of amphibians (Anura), reptiles (Squamata and Testudines), avians (17 out of 26 orders), and mammals (18 out of 29 orders) are now represented. The greatest Cryptosporidium diversity appears to be in mammals, which may be an Artifact of undersampling in other classes, but more likely reflects a different mechanism of Cryptosporidium diversification in mammals relative to other classes.
M. Kva´cˇ (*) Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisˇovska´ 31, 370 05 Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, Czech Republic University of South Bohemia in Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, Studentska´ 13, 370 05 Cˇeske´ Budeˇjovice, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] J. McEvoy Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University Department 7690, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA e-mail: [email protected] B. Stenger Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University Department 7690, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University Department 2715, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. Clark Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University Department 2715, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA e-mail: [email protected] S.M. Caccio` and G. Widmer (eds.), Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_5, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2014
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5.1
Introduction
The emergence of Cryptosporidium as a serious human pathogen in the 1980s spurred research efforts to understand the biology and ecology of this enigmatic parasite. While early studies were hindered by a lack of tools to type isolates, the widespread use of genotyping during the last 15 years has begun to uncover the enormous diversity that exists in the genus Cryptosporidium. The major focus of Cryptosporidium research over the past 30 years has been the control of cryptosporidiosis in humans and livestock, and the primary motivation to study other vertebrates has been to understand the ecology of human cryptosporidiosis. Wildlife-associated cryptosporidia account for a relatively small but significant proportion of human cryptosporidiosis cases (Feltus et al. 2006; Robinson et al. 2008; Elwin et al. 2011), the recent emergence of C. cuniculus as a human pathogen illustrates the connection between wildlife and public health. Rabbitadapted C. cuniculus was not on the public health radar until the misadventures of a rabbit at a UK water treatment facility in 2
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