Cationization of cotton fiber: an integrated view of cationic agents, processes variables, properties, market and future
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REVIEW PAPER
Cationization of cotton fiber: an integrated view of cationic agents, processes variables, properties, market and future prospects Jeferson Correia . Karine Thaise Rainert . Fernando Ribeiro Oliveira . Rita de Ca´ssia Siqueira Curto Valle . Jose´ Alexandre Borges Valle
Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Anionic dyes are often used for conventional cotton dyeing. This process, however, has a moderate affinity and it is estimated that less than 70% of the dye interacts with the cotton fiber. Cationization of cellulose is a chemical treatment that modifies the cellulose molecule, making it strongly cationic. This pretreatment increases the affinity between cotton and anionic dyes. Therefore, cationic dyeing reduces water, time, energy and chemical consumption. In this scenario, there is a growing demand to develop new cleaner products, as well as to elucidate the reaction mechanism aiming to create a clean and lowcost process for cotton cationization. In the last
decades, more than 800 documents were published, and this number continues to rise. Among the cationic agents, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride is the most researched and has achieved niche markets. However, poly-diallyldimethylammonium chloride combines effectiveness with a cleaner process. These characteristics make this cationic agent promising for future research. This review reports the state of the art on the techniques used for cationization, with a brief description of the market available for cationic cotton and a critical evaluation of the future perspectives for cationization.
J. Correia (&) K. T. Rainert Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University at Santa Catarina, Floriano´polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] F. R. Oliveira R. de Ca´ssia Siqueira Curto Valle J. A. B. Valle Department of Textile Engineering, Federal University at Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil J. A. B. Valle Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University at Santa Catarina, Floriano´polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Salt-free dyeing Low-salt dyeing Cationic Printing Pretreatment Polyelectrolytes Cellulose fiber
Introduction The conventional method of dyeing cotton generally uses besides the dyes, the following chemical inputs: sulfate or sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, acetic acid, surfactant, and chelating agent. In terms of chemical quantity, a conventional cotton dyeing process result in a consumption of 300 to 1200 g of chemical inputs (Ghaly et al. 2013) and 80 L of water per kilogram of fabric (Rosa et al. 2014). The conventional process has a moderate affinity between the fiber and the dyes and it is estimated that only 60–70% of the dye is exhausted (Ma et al. 2015). Therefore, it generates a considerable amount of effluent composed of non-reacted c
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