Cellular and molecular changes and immune response in the intestinal mucosa during Trichinella spiralis early infection
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Parasites & Vectors Open Access
RESEARCH
Cellular and molecular changes and immune response in the intestinal mucosa during Trichinella spiralis early infection in rats María Priscila Saracino1, Cecilia Celeste Vila1, Melina Cohen1, María Virginia Gentilini1, Guido Hernán Falduto1, Marcela Adriana Calcagno1, Estela Roux2^, Stella Maris Venturiello1 and Emilio Luis Malchiodi1*
Abstract Background:: The main targets of the host’s immune system in Trichinella spiralis infection are the adult worms (AW), at the gut level, and the migrant or newborn larvae (NBL), at systemic and pulmonary levels. Most of the studies carried out in the gut mucosa have been performed on the Payer’s patches and/or the mesenteric lymph nodes but not on the lamina propria, therefore, knowledge on the gut immune response against T. spiralis remains incomplete. Methods: This study aimed at characterizing the early mucosal immune response against T. spiralis, particularly, the events taking place between 1 and 13 dpi. For this purpose, Wistar rats were orally infected with muscle larvae of T. spiralis and the humoral and cellular parameters of the gut immunity were analysed, including the evaluation of the ADCC mechanism exerted by lamina propria cells. Results: A marked inflammation and structural alteration of the mucosa was found. The changes involved an increase in goblet cells, eosinophils and mast cells, and B and T lymphocytes, initially displaying a Th1 profile, characterised by the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12, followed by a polarization towards a Th2 profile, with a marked increase in IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels, which occurred once the infection was established. In addition, the helminthotoxic activity of lamina propria cells demonstrated the role of the intestine as a place of migrant larvae destruction, indicating that not all the NBLs released in the gut will be able to reach the muscles. Conclusions: The characterization of the immune response triggered in the gut mucosa during T. spiralis infection showed that not only an effector mechanism is directed toward the AW but also towards the NBL as a cytotoxic activity was observed against NBL exerted by lamina propria cells. Keywords: Trichinella spiralis, Gut immunity, Inflammation, Innate immunity cell, Antibodies response, T cell Background Parasitic worms infect billions of people annually worldwide and continue to be important human pathogens [1]. Trichinella spiralis is a nematode parasite which causes *Correspondence: [email protected] ^ Estela Roux—Deceased 1 Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Inmunología‑Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral Dr. Ricardo A. Margni (IDEHU), UBA‑CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
an estimated number of 10,000 cases per year with a mortality rate of about 0.2% [2]. Despite its low mortality rates, the financial cost of this disease is high for both big and small pork meat producers. Rats play a key role in
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