Cephalic anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of Catops ventricosus (Weise, 1877) (Coleoptera: Leiod
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cephalic anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of Catops ventricosus (Weise, 1877) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae) Caio Antunes-Carvalho 1,2 & Margarita Yavorskaya 2 & Pedro Gnaspini 1 & Ignacio Ribera 2,3 & Jörg U. Hammel 4 & Rolf Georg Beutel 2
Received: 7 July 2016 / Accepted: 4 October 2016 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2016
Abstract Adult head structures are well known in the coleopteran suborders Archostemata and Adephaga, whereas the available information is very fragmentary in the megadiverse Polyphaga, including the successful superfamily Staphylinoidea. In the present study, the cephalic morphology of the cholevine species Catops ventricosus is described in detail and documented. The results were compared to conditions occurring in other polyphagan lineages, especially staphylinoid and scarabaeoid representatives. Specific external features documented in Catops and potential autapomorphies of Leiodidae include a five-segmented antennal club with a reduced eighth antennomere and the presence of periarticular grooves filled with sensilla on antennomeres 7, 9, and 10. The firm connection of the head and pronotum is possibly an apomorphy of Cholevinae. The monophyly of Cholevinae excluding Eucatopini and Oritocatopini is supported by the apical maxillary palpomere as long as or shorter than the subapical one, and the presence of cryptic pore plates on the surface of these palpomeres—a feature described and documented here for the first time. The internal cephalic
* Caio Antunes-Carvalho [email protected]
1
Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no. 101, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
2
Entomology Group, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, FSU Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
3
Instituto de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
4
Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
structures of Catops are mostly plesiomorphic, as for instance the complete tentorium. The pattern of the muscles is similar to what is found in other staphylinoid taxa. The unusual maxillary muscle BMx^ is likely a groundplan apomorphy of the clade Staphyliniformia + Scarabaeoidea. M. hypopharyngomandibularis (M13) was identified in Catops and is ancestral for Coleoptera, even though it is often missing. The same applies to M. tentoriohypopharyngalis (M42). Keywords Catops . Leiodidae . Head morphology . 3D reconstruction . Musculature . Staphyliniformia . Staphylinoidea
Introduction It was shown in previous studies on Archostemata (Beutel et al. 2008b) and Adephaga (Dressler and Beutel 2010) that the cephalic anatomy of Coleoptera is a complex and phylogenetically informative character system, which can also reveal important insights in life strategies, especially but not only in the context of feeding. The
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