Challenges and Development of Tin-Based Anode with High Volumetric Capacity for Li-Ion Batteries
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Challenges and Development of Tin‑Based Anode with High Volumetric Capacity for Li‑Ion Batteries Fengxia Xin1 · M. Stanley Whittingham1 Received: 15 May 2020 / Revised: 21 July 2020 / Accepted: 5 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The ever-increasing energy density needs for the mass deployment of electric vehicles bring challenges to batteries. Graphitic carbon must be replaced with a higher-capacity material for any significant advancement in the energy storage capability. Sn-based materials are strong candidates as the anode for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to their higher volumetric capacity and relatively low working potential. However, the volume change of Sn upon the Li insertion and extraction process results in a rapid deterioration in the capacity on cycling. Substantial effort has been made in the development of Sn-based materials. A SnCo alloy has been used, but is not economically viable. To minimize the use of Co, a series of Sn–Fe–C, SnyFe, Sn–C composites with excellent capacity retention and rate capability has been investigated. They show the proof of principle that alloys can achieve Coulombic efficiency of over 99.95% after the first few cycles. However, the initial Coulombic efficiency needs improvement. The development and application of tin-based materials in LIBs also provide useful guidelines for sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, magnesium-ion batteries and calcium-ion batteries. Keywords Li-ion batteries · Tin-based anode · Sn–Fe–(C) · High volumetric capacity
1 Introduction Lithium-ion batteries, over the last 40 years, have successfully taken over in turn portable electronics, then electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and now large-scale grid storage due to their high energy density and long cycle life [1–5]. In awarding the 2019 Nobel Prize, the Nobel committee claimed “They (John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, Akira Yoshino) created a rechargeable world.” In the global electric vehicle market, it is expected to exceed more than USD 151.6 billion by 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.0% [6]. Unit sales are anticipated to reach 97 million vehicles worldwide by 2025 [7]. A major factor behind The author, Prof. Stanley Whittingham, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019. His perspective article is very important to promote EER. * M. Stanley Whittingham [email protected] 1
Chemistry and Materials, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902‑6000, USA
the growth of electric vehicles is that various governmental agencies are encouraging the sale of these vehicles, which could solve the negative effect of climate change along with alarming pollution. The ever-increasing energy density needs for mass deployment of EVs to replace the majority of gasoline powered transportation bring challenges to batteries. Oxides are the predominant cathode material in Li-ion batteries used for vehicular propulsion in 2020. BMW is using lithium
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