Melamine-templated TiO 2 nanoparticles as anode with high capacity and cycling stability for lithium-ion batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Melamine-templated TiO2 nanoparticles as anode with high capacity and cycling stability for lithium-ion batteries Thamodaran Partheeban 1 & Thangaian Kesavan 1 & Abraham Jithin 2 & Sasidharan Dharaneshwar 3 & Manickam Sasidharan 1 Received: 18 August 2020 / Revised: 30 October 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) plays a vital role especially in the field of sustainable energy including photovoltaic, environmental remediation, energy storage devices, and secondary rechargeable batteries. Herein, we report melamine as an efficient soft template to produce gram-scale TiO2 nanoparticles as anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of anatase phase with high crystallinity, while FESEM and HRTEM reveal a spherical morphology with average size of 10–20 nm. Tested as anode material in LIBs, it demonstrates an excellent electrochemical performance with high discharge capacity of 316 mAh g−1 and 272 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 1C rates, respectively, with long-term cycle life stability over 1000 cycles. The TiO2 anode when coupled with LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) cathode in full cell delivered capacity of 95 mAh g−1 after 30th cycle with about 2 V. The high discharge capacity could originate from high interparticles contact and nanosize features which could permit fast Li-ion diffusion and fast kinetics. Keywords TiO2 nanoparticles . Anode material . High specific capacity . Li-ion batteries . Long cycling stability
Introduction The ever-growing demand for electricity in the modern society requires highly efficient storage system such as lithiumion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) with features of high energy density, low maintenance cost, stable shelf-life, and no memory effect. Especially, LIBs have gained prominent place in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, cameras, and other domestic appliances owing to their high voltage and energy density [1–3]. While the currently used graphite anode fulfills the demands of portable electronics market, continuous efforts are being made to meet their utility in automotive and stationary storage sectors with
* Manickam Sasidharan [email protected] 1
SRM Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600045, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600119, India
requisite safety aspects, cycle life, and power density. Graphite as a well-known insertion-type anode material often suffers from intrinsic solid electrolyte interface (SEI), lithium plating at low operating voltage (< 1.2 V), and poor rate performance besides its low theoretical capacity (~ 370 mAh g−1) [4, 5]. In this perspective, intensive research works have been devoted to develop anode materials bas
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