Silicon and porous MWCNT composite as high capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries
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pISSN: 0256-1115 eISSN: 1975-7220
INVITED REVIEW PAPER
INVITED REVIEW PAPER
Silicon and porous MWCNT composite as high capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries Arunakumari Nulu, Venugopal Nulu, and Keun Yong Sohn† Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Center for Nano Manufacturing, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam-do 50834, Korea (Received 7 December 2019 • Revised 5 April 2020 • Accepted 27 April 2020) AbstractA silicon/porous multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite was synthesized using a simple method. A mixture comprising silicon nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was prepared by a mini ball milling method followed by annealing at low temperature. The low-temperature annealing treatment allows the aggregation of silicon nanoparticles and propels them to adhere to the outer walls of carbon nanotubes without the formation of a SiOx layer on Si nanoparticles. Mild oxidation occurring on the carbon tube walls provides additional surface defects. The obtained composite, which was studied as an anode for Li-ion batteries, exhibited excellent cyclability and superior rate capability compared with pristine silicon nanoparticles. The improved electrochemical performance of the composite can be attributed to the electrically conductive carbon tubes, easy access of the electrolyte ions into the porous nanotube walls, and mechanical support provided by the carbon matrix. As a result, the proposed composite can sustain high discharge capacities of 1,685 mAh g1 at 1C rate after 80 cycles and 913 mAh g1 at 5C rate after 100 cycles. Keywords: Silicon, Porous Carbon Nano-tubes, Composite, Anode Material, Li-ion Batteries
specific capacity (4,200 mAh g1), which is nearly ten-times higher than that of the graphite at low working potential (~0.4 V vs. Li/ Li+) [8-11]. However, Si experiences significant volume changes (>300%) and pulverization during lithium insertion and extraction, resulting in rapid capacity loss. Moreover, the formation of an unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) has deterred its widespread application [12-14]. To address these limitations, comprehensive approaches have been developed to overcome the significant volume changes in the Si-based electrode and its low-electronic conductivity; these include the preparation of nanoscale silicon particles with carbon coating or fabrication of composites using a carbon matrix [15,16]. Owing to their high conductivity, high surface area, thermal stability, and high flexibility, carbon, and its related materials such as graphene, graphite, nanotubes, and carbon paste are excellent candidates for energy storage devices [17,18]. Due to the charge transfer limit, 2D and 3D scaffolds comprising hierarchically porous carbon materials and their composites are advantageous for LIBs, supercapacitors, and photovoltaics among other applications [19-23]. Some examples of these applications include the Cu-Ni Oxide@ Graphene nanocomposite for high power and durable LIBs prepared by Louis Perreault et al. [18]. Pedico et al. reported an r
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