Characterization and anti-tumor activity of saponin-rich fractions of South Korean sea cucumbers ( Apostichopus japonicu
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Characterization and anti-tumor activity of saponin-rich fractions of South Korean sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) Yu-Lin Dai1,2 • Eun-A Kim3 • Hao-Ming Luo4 • Yun-Fei Jiang2 • Jae-Young Oh2 Soo-Jin Heo3 • You-Jin Jeon2,5
•
Revised: 12 January 2020 / Accepted: 17 January 2020 Ó Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020
Abstract In this study, the saponin-rich fractions of five individual (two Red and three Black) sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) in South Korea were investigated for their antiproliferative effect against HL-60, B16F10, MCF-7, and Hep3B tumor cell lines. The red sea cucumber saponin-rich fraction (SSC) from Jeju Island (JRe) decreased the growth of HL-60 with an IC50 value of 23.55 ± 3.40 lg/mL, which represented the strongest anticancer activity among the extracts. Further, SSC downregulated B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL), while upregulating, to different degrees, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP cleavage, and apoptotic bodies in cancer cells. Evidence for SSC inducing apoptosis via the mitochondria-mediated pathway was found. The contents of SSCs were determined using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry to comparatively evaluate the regional influence. In West Sea, the total SSC content of A. japonicus was 15.5 mg/g, representing the & Soo-Jin Heo [email protected] & You-Jin Jeon [email protected] 1
Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
2
Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
3
Jeju Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea
4
School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
5
Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Republic of Korea
highest content, while A. japonicus in the South Sea yielded the lowest content at 8 mg/g. The major saponin constituent in SSC was identified as Holotoxin A1, which may the anti-tumor compound in A. japonicus. Keywords Apostichopus japonicus Holotoxin A1 Saponin Anticancer activity
Introduction Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is one of the most economically important aquaculture species in Northeast Asian countries, including South Korea, China, and Japan, with considerable edible and medicinal values (Zhang et al. 2017). A. japonicus (also referred to as Stichopus japonicus) is divided into different types, depending on body color such as red, blue, and black (Sun et al. 2010; Kan and Kijima 2002). Commercially, color differentiation is the key factor that determines the taste and price of A. japonicus. The origin of sea cucumber is important to consumers because sea cucumber quality varies with their growth environment (Zamora et al. 2018). Red sea cucumber from Jeju Island is the most valuable type in South Korea. Worldwide, sea cucumber has been used as a functional food
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