Characterization of ion-induced radiation effects in nuclear materials using synchrotron x-ray techniques
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Cameron L. Tracy Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
Raul I. Palomares Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
Fuxiang Zhang Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
Daniel Severin and Markus Bender GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
Christina Trautmann GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany; and Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
Changyong Park High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
Vitali B. Prakapenka Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Vladimir A. Skuratov Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
Rodney C. Ewing Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA (Received 5 October 2014; accepted 17 December 2014)
Recent efforts to characterize the nanoscale structural and chemical modifications induced by energetic ion irradiation in nuclear materials have greatly benefited from the application of synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques. Key to the study of actinide-bearing materials has been the use of small sample volumes, which are particularly advantageous, as the small quantities minimize the level of radiation exposure at the ion-beam and synchrotron user facility. This approach utilizes energetic heavy ions (energy range: 100 MeV–3 GeV) that pass completely through the sample thickness and deposit an almost constant energy per unit length along their trajectory. High energy x-rays (25–65 keV) from intense synchrotron light sources are then used in transmission geometry to analyze ion-induced structural and chemical modifications throughout the ion tracks. We describe in detail the experimental approach for utilizing synchrotron radiation (SR) to study the radiation response of a range of nuclear materials (e.g., ThO2 and Gd2TixZr2 xO7). Also addressed is the use of high-pressure techniques, such as the heatable diamond anvil cell, as a new means to expose irradiated materials to well-controlled high-temperature (up to 1000 °C) and/or high-pressure (up to 50 GPa) conditions. This is particularly useful for characterizing the annealing kinetics of irradiation-induced material modifications.
I. INTRODUCTION Contributing Editor: Djamel Kaoumi a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2015.6
In coming years, a primary objective of the nuclear energy industry will be to extend the lifetime of current reactor components to bridge the gap between presentand next-gener
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