Chemical Ecology of African Tephritid Fruit Flies
African Tephritid fruit flies are distributed in three main genera, Bactrocera, Ceratitis and Dacus constituting both indigenous and invasive species. They use a diverse and complex range of semiochemicals for host location and reproduction. This chapter
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Chemical Ecology of African Tephritid Fruit Flies Ayuka T. Fombong, Donald L. Kachigamba, and Baldwyn Torto
Abstract African Tephritid fruit flies are distributed in three main genera, Bactrocera, Ceratitis and Dacus constituting both indigenous and invasive species. They use a diverse and complex range of semiochemicals for host location and reproduction. This chapter reviews the identification of these semiochemicals and includes examples of lures developed from some of these chemicals for the management of economically important fruit fly species. Keywords Tephritid fruit flies • Bactrocera • Ceratitis • Dacus • Semiochemicals • Male lures
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Introduction
The fruit flies covered in this chapter are those that are of both economic importance in Africa and also have well established chemical communication modes. Before proceeding to discuss fruit fly chemical communication, it is worthwhile defining the chemical classes involved in this mode of communication, which are broadly referred to as semiochemicals (Torto 2004). Semiochemicals are defined as ‘chemical signals that convey a message between organisms of the same or different species’ and, for the purposes of this chapter, can be divided into three categories: kairomones, allomones and pheromones. Kairomones and allomones mediate ‘interspecific’ chemical communication, i.e. chemical communication between individuals from different species. Kairomones benefit the receiver and include signals for attraction to feeding or oviposition sites, while allomones benefit the emitter and include some repellents that deter competing or predatory species. Pheromones mediate ‘intraspecific’ chemical communication, i.e. between A.T. Fombong • B. Torto (*) International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya e-mail: [email protected] D.L. Kachigamba Department of Agricultural Research Services, Bvumbwe Research Station, PO Box 5748, Limbe, Malawi © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S. Ekesi et al. (eds.), Fruit Fly Research and Development in Africa - Towards a Sustainable Management Strategy to Improve Horticulture, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43226-7_9
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individuals of the same species and include signals that mediate the location of conspecifics (aggregation pheromones), mates (sex pheromones) and oviposition sites (oviposition pheromones). Host-marking pheromones may mediate both intraand interspecific interactions in some species. These terms for classes of chemical communication are not exhaustive and readers are advised to refer to key reference books on chemical ecology for definitions of additional modes of chemical communication (El-Sayed 2015; Matthews and Matthews 2010). The biology and chemical ecology of fruit flies have been studied for several decades and have recently been comprehensively reviewed for the six major tephritid fruit fly genera (Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus, Rhagoletis and Toxotrypana) (Shelly et al. 2014). The present review considers only the role of se
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