Shea fruit-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and evaluation of infestation level according to the ethno-varie
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Shea fruit-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and evaluation of infestation level according to the ethno-varieties in Western Burkina Faso Issaka Zida 1,2 & Souleymane Nacro 3 & Rémy Dabiré 1 & Sylvain Nafiba Ouédraogo 4 & Irénée Somda 2 Received: 9 July 2019 / Accepted: 2 January 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract Shea fruit (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) has a high potential for alleviation of hunger and poverty in Burkina Faso. The fruit pulp is an important source of food for rural communities, especially at times of food shortages. In addition, the commercial value of the shea tree enables local women to gather and sell the fruit to increase their incomes. However, stakeholders in the shea sector noted that pulp rot was a major constraint to their activity. Ripe fruit from six ethnovarieties were sampled every 2 weeks from trees in six agroforestry parks over two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). Shea fruits were then incubated in the laboratory until the emergence of adult fruit flies. Seven fruit fly species were identified, the most important of which was Ceratitis silvestrii Bezzi (54.75% of the individual fruit flies that emerged), followed by Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (41.16%). The average rate of fruit damage differed significantly between ethno-varieties and collection dates, ranging from 2.08 to 16.23% in early shea fruits fruiting season and from 39 to 66.61% in the middle of the season, depending on the ethno-variety and the season. Ethno-varieties ripening in the mid shea fruits fruiting season suffered more fruit fly attacks than early and late ripening ethno-varieties. This study provided interesting information which will be used in the development of strategies for the control of these insect pests. Keywords Vitellaria paradoxa . Bactrocera dorsalis . Ceratitis silvestrii . Infestation rate . Degree of infestation . Burkina Faso
Introduction Vitellaria paradoxa (shea butter tree) is one of the most common trees in the Sudanian and south Sahelian regions (Allal 2010), occurring as a semi-cultivated species in agroforestry areas. Its fruit and kernel and derived products, such as the butter, contribute about 16 to 27% of the income of rural populations (Lamien and Vognan 1999). As the fourth largest source of income for Burkina Faso, after gold, cotton and livestock (Rouamba 2001), shea * Souleymane Nacro [email protected] 1
Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Station de Farako-bâ, 01 BP 910, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
2
Université Nazi Boni, 01 BP 1091, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
3
Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Station de Kamboinsé, 01 BP 476, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
4
Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
kernel contributes significantly to the fight against poverty. Shea kernel and shea butter generate about 29 billion West African CFA franc, roughly 0.60% of Burkina Faso’s GDP, in 2011 (Ouédraogo 2015). While the nutritional and economic importance
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