Chemical Processes for the Elimination of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Contaminated Waters
Electrochemical systems have often been investigated for the removal and degradation of pharmaceuticals in water, mainly focusing on their electrooxidation kinetics and transformation pathways and sometimes relying on sophisticated high-resolution mass sp
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Contents 1 2 3 4
Introduction Mechanisms of Electrochemical Oxidation of Pharmaceutical Residues in Water Limitations of State of the Art in Electrochemical Water Treatment Electrochemical Treatment for the Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Real Contaminated Water 5 Three-Dimensional, Flow-Through Electrochemical Systems and Development of Electrochemical Membranes 6 Conclusions and Outlook References
Abstract Electrochemical systems have often been investigated for the removal and degradation of pharmaceuticals in water, mainly focusing on their electrooxidation kinetics and transformation pathways and sometimes relying on sophisticated highresolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis. Most of these studies are based on ideal experimental designs of high electrolyte conductivity and high contaminant concentration, resulting in outputs that can hardly be extrapolated to a real case scenario. This chapter discusses a limited number of studies in which the perfor-
J. Radjenovic (*) Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] L. Baptista-Pires Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain University of Girona, Girona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, Paqui Blánquez Cano, and Montserrat Sarrà Adroguer (eds.), Removal and Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_689, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J. Radjenovic and L. Baptista-Pires
mance of electrochemical systems in removing and degrading pharmaceutical residues was evaluated using real waste streams. The main mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceuticals are explained, with a particular emphasis on the recently reported participation of strong oxidant species, sulfate radicals, in electrooxidation of organic contaminants. Finally, as electrode and reactor design evolves toward three-dimensional geometries with reduced mass transfer limitations, significant attention has been paid to the progress made using flow-through, porous electrode materials for the electrooxidation of pharmaceuticals. Novel, electrocatalytically active, stable membrane and foam/sponge-type electrodes are thoroughly discussed as such materials represent an essential enabler of a widerscale implementation of electrochemical treatment systems and their integration into water and wastewater treatment infrastructure. Keywords Boron-doped diamond (BDD), Dimensionally stable anode (DSA), Electrochemical water treatment, PhACs, Reactive electrochemical membrane (REM)
1 Introduction The ability of electrolysis to remove persistent organic and inorganic pollutants from water has triggered an enormous amount of research toward the end of the twentieth century. This research was intensified by the invention of a new material, borondoped diamond (BDD) anode in 1987 by Pleskov [1], which was later patented for organic pollutant removal from water by
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