Chemical UV Filters: Analysis in Marine Waters
The occurrence of UV filters (UVFs) in the marine environment is currently one of the major concerns modern society face because it is inevitably connected with tourism, and, for many countries, the tourism industry is the major driver to the economy. We
- PDF / 345,071 Bytes
- 22 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 29 Downloads / 230 Views
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Must Know About UV Filters 3 Determination of UV Filters in Marine Waters 3.1 Sample Collection 3.2 Pre-concentration and Extraction 3.3 Instrumental Analysis: Separation and Detection 4 Environmental Levels in Marine Waters 5 Concluding Remarks References
Abstract The occurrence of UV filters (UVFs) in the marine environment is currently one of the major concerns modern society face because it is inevitably connected with tourism, and, for many countries, the tourism industry is the major driver to the economy. We currently know that several UVFs exert irreparable damage on coastal ecosystems and that the occurrence patter is diverse as a consequence of the different regulations and legislation in every single country and the consumer’s preferences. Anyhow, the use of products containing UVFs is expected to increase because of the increase in population and life expectancy, increase of tourism industry, and the increased use by people to protect themselves from the chronic and acute effects of the increasing percentage of UV sunlight that reach the Earth. In this chapter, the analytical strategies to determine the occurrence of organic UV filters in marine waters are presented and discussed. An overview of the environmental levels reported worldwide is also included.
M. S. Diaz-Cruz Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA) – Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Antonio Tovar-Sánchez, David Sánchez-Quiles, and Julián Blasco (eds.), Sunscreens in Coastal Ecosystems: Occurrence, Behavior, Effect and Risk, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_561, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. S. Diaz-Cruz
Keywords Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC), Endocrine disruptor, Sunscreen
1 Introduction UV filters (UVFs) encompass a wide group of chemicals produced in large quantities and used to protect the human or materials from the harmful UV radiation (A and B) [1]. These high production chemicals, with a world production exceeding 1,000 tones/year, are active ingredients of several personal care products (PCPs), especially sunscreens, to prevent burns, skin aging, and skin cancer [2, 3]. They are also found in consumables other than PCPs, as UV radiation stabilizers in polymer-based products such as plastics, paints, car polishes, clothes, and food contact packaging, among others, to prevent yellowing and materials deterioration [4]. Their use in PCPs is regulated worldwide, through different agencies depending on the country, such as the FDA in the USA [5]. This inhomogeneity in regulation hinders the reliable data collection to estimate occurrence, fate, and environmental risk estimation of the sunscreens family as a whole [6]. For instance, in Europe 27 compounds are permitted, while only 16 are in the USA and 32 in South Africa [5]. Moreover, the same UVF can have different permitted proportions, such as benzylidene camphor sulfonic acid
Data Loading...
