Chemistry and Pharmacology of Alkylamides from Natural Origin
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REVIEW
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Alkylamides from Natural Origin Taiwo O. Elufioye 1,2
&
Solomon Habtemariam 3
&
Adeboye Adejare 2
Received: 1 June 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 / Published online: 9 October 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2020
Abstract Interest in alkylamide, as a class of compound, has grown tremendously in recent years. This interest is due to the many presumed benefits in food, cosmetics, and medicine. This review focuses on the different alkylamides naturally occurring in many plant species. Several methods have been employed for their identification as well as isolation and several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed their therapeutic effects in various diseases. In general, alkylamides have been reported to have several biological activities and pharmacological effects which include immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antiprotozoal activities. Moreover, many studies have reported on their mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. We herein present an updated report on the chemistry and pharmacology of alkylamides of natural origin. Keywords Immunomodulatory . Anti-inflammatory . Pharmacological effects . Natural origin . Alkylamides
Introduction Alkylamides are a group of bioactive compounds that can be obtained from natural sources such as the plant families of Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Solanaceae (Méndez-Bravo et al. 2011). In the Asteraceae family, alkylamides have been reported in the genera Achillea, Acmella, Echinacea, Heliopsis, and Spilanthes (Rios 2012). Plants containing alkylamides are used as spices for their pungent and tingling sensations and are incorporated into topical cosmetics for their wrinklesmoothing and anti-aging properties (Veryser 2016). When Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-020-00095-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Taiwo O. Elufioye [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
3
Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
they occur in plants, the abundance of alkylamides could vary in the various parts. These include but not limited to leaves and stems of Aristolochia gehrtii Hoehne, Aristolochiaceae, Phyllanthus fraternus G.L.Webster, Phyllanthaceae, Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Amaranthaceae, Achyranthes ferruginea Roxb, Amaranthaceae; the fruits of Piper longum L., Piperaceae; the flowers of Spilanthes acmella (L.) L., Asteraceae; the seeds of the Piper species, the pericarpium of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC., Rutaceae,
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