Child Neuropsychology Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopm
During the past decade, significant advances have been made in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders, resulting in a considerable impact on conceptualization, diagnostics, and practice. The second edition of Child Neuropsychology: Assessment and Inter
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Child Neuropsychology Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders Second Edition
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Child Neuropsychology Second Edition
Margaret Semrud-Clikeman Phyllis Anne Teeter Ellison
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Child Neuropsychology Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders Second Edition
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Margaret Semrud-Clikeman Michigan State University 3123 S. Cambridge Road Lansing MI 48911 USA [email protected]
Phyllis Anne Teeter Ellison Department of Educational Psychology University of Wisconsin 793 Enderis Hall 2400 East Hartford Avenue Milwaukee WI 53211 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-387-88962-7 e-ISBN 978-0-387-88963-4 DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88963-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008942517 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009, First softcover printing 2007 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
Foreword
The human brain represents the product of an ongoing, six-billion-year construction project. In its physical form and function, the human brain represents millions upon millions of trial-and-error adaptive adjustments. Comprised of an estimated 100 billion neurons and many more glial cells it is organized into thousands of regions. The human brain, in a seamlessly integrated manner, governs body functions and movement but more importantly, regulates cognition. Not surprisingly, although the brains of different animals may not look exactly alike, they all work according to the same principles and mechanisms. These neurons and glial cells communicate using a nearly infinite number of synaptic connections, yet the entire organ in humans weighs only about three pounds. As authors Sandra Aamodt and Sam Wang eloquently describe in their book, Welcome to your brain (2007), billions of years of evolution have resulted in a very complex human brain, yet one that is a jumbled, far from efficient, crowded organ. They describe the neuronal pathways of the human brain as the equivalent of the New York City subway system or the streets of London with layers upon layers of routes each constructed at a different time in a different way. Yet this stunning system, for the most part, develops and works fine for most children. The adult human brain at between 1300 and 1400 cm is by far not the largest brain among mammals. Consider that a sperm whale’s brain is approximately 7800 cm and an ele
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