Chitosan-Sugarcane Bagasse Microspheres as Fertilizer Delivery: On/Off Water Availability System
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Chitosan‑Sugarcane Bagasse Microspheres as Fertilizer Delivery: On/ Off Water Availability System Tamires dos Santos Pereira1,2 · Débora França1,2 · Claudinei Fonseca Souza3 · Roselena Faez1,2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Enhanced efficiency fertilizer is a sustainable alternative to increase agricultural productivity. In this regard, the nutrient coating or encapsulation is one of the alternatives to improve the effectiveness of the fertilizer. Several matrices can be used, but predominantly the biodegradable ones, which have no environmental impacts. Chitosan has favorable characteristics, as biodegradation and harmless impacts on the soil, to use as a holder for fertilizers. In this work, microspheres of chitosan and sugarcane bagasse were prepared by the inversion phase method followed by potassium nitrate ( KNO3) fertilizer sorption. The structural, morphological and thermal properties were evaluated by Fourier transformed infrared, (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XDR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) before and after release evaluation. The release profile of fertilizer ions was assessed in water and soil. The matrices served only as support for KNO3 and no chemical interaction was observed. KNO3 releasing behavior reached a plateau after one hour of test for all samples. The release process generated cavities on the surface of microspheres since these spaces were previously fulfilled with fertilizer as observed by SEM. However, in the soil, the materials were dependent on the amount of water available and we observed a diffusion process for the nutrient release. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Enhanced efficiency fertilizer · KNO3 · Safety agriculture · Time domain reflectometry
Introduction * Roselena Faez [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
In the last decades, the world population has grown steadily and, according to "World Population Prospects" [1], tends to increase 53% reaching over 11 billion people by the year
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2100. At the same time, the food production areas have increasingly become scarce due to urbanization, industrialization, desertification and natural disasters [2]. Another critical point to be considered is that the amount of nutrients uptake by plants during the conventional fertilizer application is a small percentage (30%) [3, 4] and 50 to 70% is lost by chemical and physical phenomenon [5], leading to harmful environmental impacts [6]. Those events occur because of the different timing between the nutrient availability in the soil and the biological needs of the plant. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) have been identified as a solution for higher effectiveness in food production and reduction of environmental damages [7–9]. EEFs are materials that decrease the nutrient release rate compared to conventional fertilization [9, 10]. The synchrony between the release and the plants’ uptake is possible as the
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