Chronic exposure to urban noise during the vocal learning period does not lead to increased song frequencies in zebra fi
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Chronic exposure to urban noise during the vocal learning period does not lead to increased song frequencies in zebra finches Ying Liu 1,2 & Sue Anne Zollinger 1,3 & Henrik Brumm 1 Received: 2 May 2020 / Revised: 24 November 2020 / Accepted: 30 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract It has often been observed that birds sing at a higher pitch in cities and other areas that are polluted with intense low-frequency noise. How this pattern arises remains unclear though. One prevailing idea is that songbirds adjust song frequencies to environmental noise profiles through developmental plasticity via vocal learning. However, the conclusions of previous studies testing this hypothesis are inconsistent. Here we report the findings from two song learning experiments with zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata), in which we exposed young birds to anthropogenic noise during their sensitive vocal learning period. Unlike previous studies that addressed this issue, we did not use constant synthetic noise but natural urban noise with its typical amplitude fluctuations that was broadcast at realistic sound levels. We found that noise-exposed males in neither experiment developed higher pitched songs compared to control males. This suggests that the natural fluctuations between higher and lower noise levels in cities may allow young birds to exploit relatively quiet moments to hear their tutors and themselves, permitting them to make accurate copies of even low-frequency song elements. Significance statement If animals are to persist in urban habitats, they often must adjust their behavior to the altered conditions. Birds in cities are often observed to sing at a higher pitch, but we are largely ignorant of how this phenomenon arises. We investigated whether lowfrequency traffic noise interferes with the song learning of birds so that they develop higher pitched songs. Accordingly, we played back natural traffic noise from urban bird habitats to young birds during their learning period and then analyzed their adult songs. We found that birds that learned their songs in noise did not sing at higher frequencies compared to control males that learned their song with no noise exposure. Our results show that typical traffic noise in cities may not be sufficient to interfere with vocal learning in a way that birds develop higher-pitched songs. Keywords Animal communication . Anthropogenic noise . Bird song . Developmental plasticity . Urbanization . Vocal learning
Introduction
Communicated by J. Podos * Henrik Brumm [email protected] 1
Communication and Social Behaviour Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
2
Present address: Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
3
Present address: Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
Anthropogenic noise is a form of human-induced rapid environmental change (Sih 2013) that imposes new selection press
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