Slavery in the Sudan History, Documents, and Commentary
This groundbreaking study offers a rare window into the history of slavery in the Sudan, with particular attention to the relationships between slaves and masters. Thoroughly documented, it provides valuable context to current issues of global concern and
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Sl av e ry i n t h e Su da n H ist ory, Doc u m e n t s, a n d C om m e n ta ry
By Mo ham ed Ib ra him Nugud Translated by Asma Mohamed Abdel Halim Edited by Sharon Barnes
SLAVERY IN THE SUDAN
Copyright © Mohamed Ibrahim Nugud, Asma Mohamed Abdel Halim, and Sharon Barnes, 2013. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-28602-4 All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44911-8 ISBN 978-1-137-28603-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137286031 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nugud, Mohamed Ibrahim, 1930–2012. Slavery in the Sudan : history, documents, and commentary / by Mohamed Ibrahim Nugud ; edited and translated by Asma Mohamed Abdel Halim ; edited by Sharon Barnes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Slavery—Sudan—History. I. Abdel Halim, Asma M. II. Barnes, Sharon, 1965– III. Title. HT1381.N84 2013 306.3⬘6209624—dc23
2013006674
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This translation is dedicated to the memory of Mohamed Ibrahim Nugud who dared to bring slavery to a wider Sudanese audience
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C on t e n t s
List of Tables
ix
Preface
xi
Glossary
xiii
Translator’s Note
xvii
Cases of Ex Slaves
xxvii
Introduction
1
1
Slavery in Ancient Kingdoms of Sudan
13
2
Pioneers of Enslavement and the Slave Trade in Africa
27
3
Slavery and Enslavement in Funj and Darfur Sultantes
37
4
Slavery in the Mahdist State [1885–1898]
61
5
The Condominium: Disintegration of Slavery and Enslavement Relations
89
Notes
151
Bibliography
173
Index
183
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Ta bl e s
2.1 Expenses and profits of the ship La Fortuna 4.1 List of spoils in the hands of the Ansar residing with Mohamed Fadlalla 4.2 List of spoils delivered to Obeid al-Haj 4.3 Currencies and equivalent in riyals 5.1 Total population before the Mahdiyya era 5.2 Comparison between the number of registered slaves in Geziera in 1905 and 1912
30 66 67 86 104 112
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P r e fac e
A ny job of translation or editing a translation is, by its very nature,
fraught with opportunities for misunderstanding, not only of the intent of the original author, whose language the editor does not understand, but also betwee
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