Cleaner Production
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Cleaner Production Joost Duflou and Karel Kellens Centre for Industrial Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee – Leuven, Belgium
Synonyms Environmentally benign manufacturing; Green manufacturing; Sustainable manufacturing
Definition Cleaner production has been defined by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (UNEP 2012) as “the continuous application of an integrated preventative environmental strategy to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment” (UNEP/DTIE/SCP 1990).
Theory and Application Functional performance and purchase price have long been the key selection criteria for the purchase of new machine tools. Today, an evolution toward environmentally benign manufacturing
can be observed that is stimulated by three drivers: more stringent regulatory mandates and standards (e.g., ISO 14955-1 2014; ISO 50001 2011), competitive economic advantage, and proactive green behavior (Gutowski et al. 2005). Several complementary techniques and measures toward cleaner production can be applied, ranging from low- or even no-cost solutions to high-investment advanced technologies. A common classification of cleaner production strategies has been proposed by UNEP (Fig. 1) (UNIDO 2012). As described by Duflou et al. (2012), these strategies can be implemented at different levels of the manufacturing chain: the process level, the multi-machine level, the factory level, the multiple factory level, and the supply chain level. 1. Good Housekeeping: appropriate provisions to prevent leaks and spills and to achieve proper, standardized operation and maintenance procedures and practices • Examples: Compressed air energy use, savings, and payback period of energy-efficient strategies are presented by Saidur et al. (2010). Local generation seems to be the best solution for cost consideration as well as energy efficiency (Yuan et al. 2006). 2. Input Material Change: replacement of hazardous or nonrenewable inputs by less hazardous or renewable materials or by materials with a longer service lifetime
# CIRP 2016 The International Academy for Production Engineering et al. (eds.), CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_6635-3
2 Cleaner Production, Fig. 1 Classification of cleaner production strategies (UNIDO)
Cleaner Production
Product Modification
Good Housekeeping
Input Material Change
Production of useful by-Products
Cleaner Production
Better Process Control
On-Site Recovery/ Reuse
Technology Change
Equipment Modification
• Examples: Cutting fluids can be avoided or limited by applying dry machining or minimum quantity lubrication (e.g., Weinert et al. 2004; Aurich et al. 2008). Furthermore, environmentally benign fluids have been developed for operations which still require lubricants (Bay et al. 2010). 3. Better Process Control: modification of the working procedures, machine instructions, and process record keeping for operating the processes at higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and
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