Towards a Cleaner Planet Energy for the Future

The world has entered a period of significant changes regarding the future of energy generation, mainly caused by the apparent exhaustion of hyd- carbons in the near future, and the Greenhouse gases (GHG) effect of alt- ing the climate worldwide. Mexico,

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ime Klapp, Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota José Federico Chávez Alcalá (Eds.)

Towards a Cleaner Planet Energy for the Future

With 116 Figures

EDITORS: DR. JAIME KLAPP DR. JORGE L. CERVANTES-COTA INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES NUCLEARES (ININ) DEPARTAMENTO DE FÍSICA CARRETERA MÉXICO-TOLUCA KM 36.5 S/N LA MARQUESA, OCOYOACAC, EDOMEX 52750 MÉXICO

DR. JOSÉ FEDERICO CHÁVEZ ALCALÁ LABORATORIO DE METALURGIA ESIQIE- INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL APARTADO POSTAL 118-392 C.P. 07051 MÉXICO, D.F. E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Sponsoring Organizations: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ) Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH) Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) ISSN 1863-5520 ISBN 10 3-540-71344-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13 978-3-540-71344-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2007923955 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Production: A. Oelschläger Typesetting: Camera-ready by the Editors Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/AO 543210

Preface

The world has entered a period of significant changes regarding the future of energy generation, mainly caused by the apparent exhaustion of hydrocarbons in the near future, and the Greenhouse gases (GHG) effect of altering the climate worldwide. Mexico, as a developing country, and as the eleventh-most populated nation with the thirteenth-largest territory, and as the owner of important oil production resources, is a good example of a State needing to improve and increase its energy generation. A concerted action amongst the economic sectors involved – both governmental and industrial – could drastically improve the present situation regarding the development of its alternative energy resources. The main motivation for organizing the German-Mexican Symposium 2006 Energy for the future: towards a cleaner planet, was to get a global perspective for changing the present energy-mix in Mexico, currently based o