Climate Governance in the Arctic

Climate change is affecting the Arctic environment and ecosystems at an accelerating speed, twice the rate of the global average. This is opening the Arctic to transportation and resource development and creating serious challenges for local communities a

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ENVIRONMENT & POLICY VOLUME

50

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5921

Climate Governance in the Arctic Edited by

Timo Koivurova Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland

E. Carina H. Keskitalo Ume˚a University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Ume˚a, Sweden and

Nigel Bankes Faculty of Law, University of Calgary, AB Canada

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Editors Timo Koivurova Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law/Arctic Centre University of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland [email protected]

E. Carina H. Keskitalo Ume˚a University Department of Social and Economic Geography Ume˚a Sweden [email protected]

Nigel Bankes Faculty of Law University of Calgary, AB Canada [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4020-9541-2

e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9542-9

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9542-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008940441 c Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009  No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. c 2008 JupiterImages Corporation Cover image:  Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

Preface and Acknowledgements

This book is a product of a research project that began in 2006. The research group consisted of an inter-disciplinary group of scholars from numerous countries aiming to examine how various governance mechanisms contributed to mitigation and adaptation to climate change in the Arctic. The original name of the project was “The Capability of International Governance Systems in the Arctic to Contribute to the mitigation of Climate Change and Adjust to its Consequences” (CIGSAC, project No. 8110564), which later was changed to “Climate Governance in the Arctic” (see the project’s website at http://www.arcticcentre.org/?deptid=25873). The project was funded by the Academy of Finland, and we want to express our gratitude for the Academy’s financial support. The research project benefitted greatly from the two seminars that were organised during its life-cycle. The launch meeting of the project was in Pyh¨atunturi Finland from August 30 to September 3, 2006, where the initial research topics were discussed and their viability and desirable future focus examined. The final meeting (9th and 10th of January 2008 Arctic Centre, Rovaniemi, Finland) concentrated on fine-tuning the individual contributions and developing a similar general framework for the different contributions. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the contributors for making an honest attempt to follow this framework. We would also like to thank the contributors for participating in these two meetings; we think it was a learning experience f