Cloning of long sterile lemma ( lsl2 ) , a single recessive gene that regulates spike germination in rice ( Oryza sativa
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Cloning of long sterile lemma (lsl2), a single recessive gene that regulates spike germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) Dewei Yang*, Niqing He, Xianghua Zheng, Yanmei Zhen, Zhenxin Xie, Chaoping Cheng and Fenghuang Huang
Abstract Background: Rice is a typical monocotyledonous plant and an important cereal crop. The structural units of rice flowers are spikelets and florets, and floral organ development and spike germination affect rice reproduction and yield. Results: In this study, we identified a novel long sterile lemma (lsl2) mutant from an EMS population. First, we mapped the lsl2 gene between the markers Indel7–22 and Indel7–27, which encompasses a 25-kb region. The rice genome annotation indicated the presence of four candidate genes in this region. Through gene prediction and cDNA sequencing, we confirmed that the target gene in the lsl2 mutant is allelic to LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1)/ ELONGATED EMPTY GLUME (ELE), hereafter referred to as lsl2. Further analysis of the lsl2 and LSL2 proteins showed a one-amino-acid change, namely, the mutation of serine (Ser) 79 to proline (Pro) in lsl2 compared with LSL2, and this mutation might change the function of the protein. Knockout experiments showed that the lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype. The lsl2 gene might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate, but other agronomic traits of rice were not changed in the lsl2 mutant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the lsl2 gene will have specific application prospects in future rice breeding. Conclusions: The lsl2 gene is responsible for the long sterile lemma phenotype and might reduce the damage induced by spike germination by decreasing the seed germination rate. Keywords: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), long sterile lemma mutant, Molecular marker, Gene cloning, Application prospect, Spike germination
Background The flower forms of angiosperms are diverse, and flower morphology is the result of interactions among an established genetic programme, physical forces, and external forces induced by the pollination system [1]. Identifying floral organs and controlling the fate of meristems are essential for establishing this diversity. In eudicots, flowers are generally composed (from the outer to inner * Correspondence: [email protected] Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian High Quality Rice Research & Development Center, Fuzhou 350019, China
whorls) of sepals (whorls), petals (whorls), stamens (whorls), and pistils (whorls). Based on molecular and genetic analyses of several eudicot species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), and petunia (Petunia hybrida), an ABC model that determines the characteristics of each organ and controls floral meristem determinacy based on the combination of A/B/C/D gene groups has been proposed [2–7]. According to the model, three homologous genes control the formation of flower organs. A-function genes independently specify
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