Coevolution of the Technology on Transition-Edge-Sensor Spectrometer and Its Application to Fundamental Science
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Coevolution of the Technology on Transition‑Edge‑Sensor Spectrometer and Its Application to Fundamental Science S. Yamada1,2 · H. Tatsuno2 · S. Okada3 · T. Hashimoto4 Received: 16 August 2019 / Accepted: 3 March 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract High-energy-resolution X-ray spectroscopy using X-ray microcalorimeters has been widely adopted for high-precision experiments on fundamental science. The technical difficulties come from its use at low temperatures and its high sensitivity to the external environment, though many countermeasures have been proposed through the experience of space applications. The limit of the number of pixels of the semiconductor-type X-ray microcalorimeters can be solved by using the transition-edge sensor (TES) superconducting detector. Recently, a study of the strong nuclear force via high-energy-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of kaonic atoms using TES at the J-PARC accelerator facility was successfully performed by the HEATES collaboration. Furthermore, muonic-atom spectroscopy using TES has been demonstrated at the J-PARC muon facility, and a physical experiment to test the electromagnetic force under a strong electric field is ready for commissioning. Material diagnostics at a hard X-ray synchrotron facility have been tested at SPring-8 and resulted in a successful operation for the first time. Other than X-rays, TES has been used as a mass spectrometer for neutral molecules in a cryogenic electrostatic ion ring. The entire design of the experiment is carefully considered to meet the science-specific requirement. We will summarize the latest and future applications of the microcalorimeter and present key technologies, such as digital electronics, data acquisition software, aperture, collimator, mechanical, and electrical interface. Our results will be helpful for other users to design new experiments for fundamental science. Keywords Transition-edge sensors (TESs) · Superconducting detector · X-ray detector
* S. Yamada [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Journal of Low Temperature Physics
1 Introduction X-ray microcalorimeters can achieve wide-band and high-energy-resolution spectroscopywith an energy resolution of ~ eV at 6 keV. They need to be cooled to low temperature to suppress phonon noise or obtain a large enough number of quasiparticles. The working temperature is typically below a few 100 mK, where a dilution refrigerator or adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is usually chosen as a cryocooler at the coldest part. To obtain a thermal shield at a few K, mechanical cryocoolers are often chosen, which make us free from the burden of maintaining liquid helium. In exchange, we have to reduce the microvibration, microphonics, and electrical and/or magnetical interference from the mechanical coolers. All the work involves special care at the design phase, and validation methods during the manufacturing phase, and optimized ways of operation i
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